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Econ. Environ. Geol. 2024; 57(6): 735-768

Published online December 31, 2024

https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2024.57.6.735

© THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY

Petrogenesis and Geochemical Evolution of Rocks and Pegmatites in Kwarra Area, Northcentral Nigeria: Implications for Rare Metal Mineralization

Adamu, Lukman Musa2,*, Sunday, Adedeji Ebenezer1, Ohiemi, Adukwu Fabian3, Ayuba, Rufai2, Ugbena, Kelvins Godfrey2, Baba, Yahaya2, Abraham, Templeman4, Ogunkolu, Bolade Ayodeji5, Ebeh, Austine2

1Department of Geology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
2Department of Earth Sciences, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria
3Department of Geosciences, Confluence University of Science and Technology Osara, Kogi State, Nigeria
4Department of History and International Relation Studies, Kogi State University Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria
5Department of Geography, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria

Correspondence to : *lukman10adamu@gmail.com, lukman10musa@yahoo.com, adamulm@ksu.edu.ng

Received: September 20, 2024; Revised: December 4, 2024; Accepted: December 17, 2024

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Although pegmatite rare metal deposits are significant sources of rare metals, their metallogenic mechanisms remain a topic of debate. Nigeria's Basement Complex and Younger Granite provinces have identified pegmatites, which comprise a variety of rock types. We classify pegmatites into two categories: quartz-muscovite pegmatite and quartz-feldspar pegmatite. The study area has three primary stress orientations: N-S, NE-SW, and NNE-SSW, with secondary trends of ENE-WSW and E-W. There are more high-ferromagnetic elements (HFS) in quartz-muscovite pegmatites than there are in the crust as a whole. These elements include Zr, Ga, Nb, and Ta. They have a high concentration of the lithophile element Rb but are deficient in Sr and Ba. Quartz-feldspar pegmatite doesn't have many high-field-strength (HFS) elements, but it has a lot of rubidium (Rb), though not as much as quartz-muscovite pegmatites. The pegmatites and albitized granite were subjected to sodic metasomatism, which changed the feldspars from K to Na and made them contain more uranium. The albitized rock types contain low total rare earth elements (REE), strontium (Sr), and barium (Ba), while the amount of rubidium (Rb) decreases with increasing albitization. It's not clear how the columbite-tantalite series or the Ta and Cs minerals formed, but the high Sn concentration in pegmatites is linked to the formation of cassiterite minerals. Rare metal pegmatite is formed when deeply buried S-type fertile granite is partially melted. On the other hand, barren quartz-feldspar pegmatite is formed from late-stage residual melts from a less evolved granitic parent.

Keywords pegmatite, hydrothermal, metasomatism, petrogenesis, Kwarra, Nigeria

Article

Research Paper

Econ. Environ. Geol. 2024; 57(6): 735-768

Published online December 31, 2024 https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2024.57.6.735

Copyright © THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY.

Petrogenesis and Geochemical Evolution of Rocks and Pegmatites in Kwarra Area, Northcentral Nigeria: Implications for Rare Metal Mineralization

Adamu, Lukman Musa2,*, Sunday, Adedeji Ebenezer1, Ohiemi, Adukwu Fabian3, Ayuba, Rufai2, Ugbena, Kelvins Godfrey2, Baba, Yahaya2, Abraham, Templeman4, Ogunkolu, Bolade Ayodeji5, Ebeh, Austine2

1Department of Geology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
2Department of Earth Sciences, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria
3Department of Geosciences, Confluence University of Science and Technology Osara, Kogi State, Nigeria
4Department of History and International Relation Studies, Kogi State University Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria
5Department of Geography, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria

Correspondence to:*lukman10adamu@gmail.com, lukman10musa@yahoo.com, adamulm@ksu.edu.ng

Received: September 20, 2024; Revised: December 4, 2024; Accepted: December 17, 2024

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Although pegmatite rare metal deposits are significant sources of rare metals, their metallogenic mechanisms remain a topic of debate. Nigeria's Basement Complex and Younger Granite provinces have identified pegmatites, which comprise a variety of rock types. We classify pegmatites into two categories: quartz-muscovite pegmatite and quartz-feldspar pegmatite. The study area has three primary stress orientations: N-S, NE-SW, and NNE-SSW, with secondary trends of ENE-WSW and E-W. There are more high-ferromagnetic elements (HFS) in quartz-muscovite pegmatites than there are in the crust as a whole. These elements include Zr, Ga, Nb, and Ta. They have a high concentration of the lithophile element Rb but are deficient in Sr and Ba. Quartz-feldspar pegmatite doesn't have many high-field-strength (HFS) elements, but it has a lot of rubidium (Rb), though not as much as quartz-muscovite pegmatites. The pegmatites and albitized granite were subjected to sodic metasomatism, which changed the feldspars from K to Na and made them contain more uranium. The albitized rock types contain low total rare earth elements (REE), strontium (Sr), and barium (Ba), while the amount of rubidium (Rb) decreases with increasing albitization. It's not clear how the columbite-tantalite series or the Ta and Cs minerals formed, but the high Sn concentration in pegmatites is linked to the formation of cassiterite minerals. Rare metal pegmatite is formed when deeply buried S-type fertile granite is partially melted. On the other hand, barren quartz-feldspar pegmatite is formed from late-stage residual melts from a less evolved granitic parent.

Keywords pegmatite, hydrothermal, metasomatism, petrogenesis, Kwarra, Nigeria

    Fig 1.

    Figure 1.Topographical map of the study area parts of Kurra sheet 189SW modified after Fed. Surveys, Nigeria 1967.
    Economic and Environmental Geology 2024; 57: 735-768https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2024.57.6.735

    Fig 2.

    Figure 2.Simplified map of the geology of Nigeria after Okunlola, (2005).
    Economic and Environmental Geology 2024; 57: 735-768https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2024.57.6.735

    Fig 3.

    Figure 3.Geological Sketch map of central and south-west Nigeria showing the location of the Wamba pegmatite field (study area) and the distribution of Pan-African Older Granites and pegmatites (underlined). Geochronogical data sources are van Breemen et. al. (1977), Rahaman et. al. (1983), Matheis and Caen-Vachette (1983), Tubosun et. al. (1984).
    Economic and Environmental Geology 2024; 57: 735-768https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2024.57.6.735

    Fig 4.

    Figure 4.(a) Hand specimen of the alkali granite in the study area (Latitude 9°06'05"N and Longitude 8°44'30"E), (b) Field photograph of albitised granite (Latitude 9°04'10"N and Longitude 8°47'43"E), (c) Field photograph of a granite gneiss outcrop (Latitude 9°03'23"N and Longitude 8°33'43"E), (d) Field photograph of foliation structure in the banded gneiss with quartz and quartzo-feldspathic veins (Latitude 9°05'05"N and Longitude 8°31'36"E), (e) Field Photograph migmatite gneiss with ptygmatitic folding, upper arrow pointing at melanosome and lower arrow showing leucosome (Latitude 9°00'28"N and Longitude 8°42'30"E), (f) Hand Specimen of amphibolite rock in the study area (Latitude 9°07'17"N and Longitude 8°41'50"E).
    Economic and Environmental Geology 2024; 57: 735-768https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2024.57.6.735

    Fig 5.

    Figure 5.Photomicrograph of the studied rocks under Plane Polarized Light (PPL) (a) alkali granite, (b) albitised granite, (c) granite gneiss, (d) banded gneiss, (e) migmatite gneiss, (f) sheared amphibolite; Biotite (Bt), Perthite (Prth), Orthoclase (Or), Plagioclase (Pl), Quartz (Qtz), Augite (Aug), hornblende (Hbl), garnet (Grt), Sphene (Shen), and muscovite (Ms). Mag.0.25mmX10.
    Economic and Environmental Geology 2024; 57: 735-768https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2024.57.6.735

    Fig 6.

    Figure 6.Field Photograph of (a) quartz-feldspar-pegmatite intrusion into migmatite gneiss (Latitude 9°00'20"N and Longitude 8°42'16"E), (b) a narrow zone of tourmalinisation around the contact between quartz-feldspar-pegmatite and the host rock. (Latitude 9°00'30"N and Longitude 8°44'27"E), (c) Quartzmuscovite- pegmatites boulders (d) Whitish quartz-muscovitepegmatites intrusion in granite gneiss (Latitude 9°02'45"N and Longitude 8°34'38"E), (e) Highly deformed quartz-muscovitepegmatites trending NE (9°02'16"N and Longitude 8°35'36"E). (f) Deformed nature of quartz-muscovite-pegmatites in uplifted region (9°02'48"N and Longitude 8°31'10"E).
    Economic and Environmental Geology 2024; 57: 735-768https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2024.57.6.735

    Fig 7.

    Figure 7.Field Photograph of (a) Field photograph of joints in the granite gneiss of the study area (Latitude 9°02'09"N and Longitude 8°38'34"E), (b) Field photograph of dextral fault along a quartz veins in the banded gneiss (Latitude 9°05'35"N and Longitude 8°30'06"E).
    Economic and Environmental Geology 2024; 57: 735-768https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2024.57.6.735

    Fig 8.

    Figure 8.(c) Field photograph of pegmatite veins that intruded the migmatite gneiss of the study area (Latitude 9°01'15"N and Longitude 8°41'30"E). (d) Field photograph of quartzo-feldspathic veins in the banded gneiss within the study area (Latitude 9°05'05"N and Longitude 8°31'12"E), (c) Rose diagram of pegmatite veins in the study area showing the NE-SW dominant trend, (d) quartzo-feldspathic veins showing the NE-SW dominant trend in the banded gneiss of the study area.
    Economic and Environmental Geology 2024; 57: 735-768https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2024.57.6.735

    Fig 9.

    Figure 9.(a) Structural lineament map of the study area, (b) Rose diagram of structural lineament trends of the study area.
    Economic and Environmental Geology 2024; 57: 735-768https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2024.57.6.735

    Fig 10.

    Figure 10.Harker plot of Al2O2, CaO, K2O and Na2O against silica (SiO2) for the granite suites in the study area. S2 and S6 (Alkali Granite), S4 and S12 (Albitized Granite), S2 and S6 (Alkali Granite), S4 and S12 (Albitized Granite).
    Economic and Environmental Geology 2024; 57: 735-768https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2024.57.6.735

    Fig 11.

    Figure 11.(a) A/CNK – A/NK plot for the granitoids in the study area after Shand (1943), (b) Fe (total)/(Fe (total)+MgO) versus SiO2 after Frost et al 2001.
    Economic and Environmental Geology 2024; 57: 735-768https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2024.57.6.735

    Fig 12.

    Figure 12.(a) Na2O + K2O-CaO versus SiO2 after Frost et al 2001, (b) Na2O+K2O vs. SiO2 for the granitoids diagram of Middlemost, (1985). S2 and S6 (Alkali Granite), S4 and S12 (Albitized Granite), S1, S5 and S8 (Quartz-Feldspar-Pegmatite).
    Economic and Environmental Geology 2024; 57: 735-768https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2024.57.6.735

    Fig 13.

    Figure 13.(a) Ternary normative Ab-Or-An diagram after O’Connor, 1965, (b) Fig. 16: A/CNK vs SiO2 plot of rocks from the study area after (Chappel and White, 1974).
    Economic and Environmental Geology 2024; 57: 735-768https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2024.57.6.735

    Fig 14.

    Figure 14.Spider diagrams for all the rocks samples normalized to average crust after McDonough and Sun (1995).
    Economic and Environmental Geology 2024; 57: 735-768https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2024.57.6.735

    Fig 15.

    Figure 15.Chondrite normalized plot (After Nakamura, 1974) rare elements (REE) pattern for the (a) metamorphic rocks, (b) Pegmatites, (c) granites from the study area, (d) Plot of Rb-Ba-Sr after El Bouseily and El Sokkary (1975) for granitic rocks, (e) Modified Triangular Ti-Sn-(Nb+Ta) Plot for albitized granite and pegmatites in the study area (after Kuster, 1990), (f) Plot of Rb vs Na/K after Kaur et al., (2012) showing the progressive depletion of Rb with the advancing albitisation of K-feldspar.
    Economic and Environmental Geology 2024; 57: 735-768https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2024.57.6.735

    Fig 16.

    Figure 16.(a) Plot of Ta Versus Cs tor The Muscovites of the pegmatites in the Kwarra area, (b) Plot of Ta Versus K/Cs For The Muscovites of Pegmatites in the study area. (After Beus 1968), Gordiyenko (1971), (c) Plot of Ta versus Ga for the pegmatites in the study area (After Černy and Burt, 1984), (d) Plot of K/Rb versus Cs for the pegmatites (after Černy and Burt, 1984), (e) Classification of the pegmatites using the plots of K/Rb versus Cs (after Trueman and Černy 1982), (f) Nb/Ta versus Zr/Hf diagram differentiating the barren granites and granites hosting ore deposits (after Ballouard et al., 2016).
    Economic and Environmental Geology 2024; 57: 735-768https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2024.57.6.735

    Fig 17.

    Figure 17.(a) Rb vs. Y+Nb tectonic discrimination diagram after Pearce et al. (1984), (b) Plot of FeOt / Mgo vs. Zr+Nb+Ce+Y for discriminating A-type granites after Whalen et al., (1987), (c) Triangular plot of Nb-Y-Ce for distinguishing the alkali granites into A1 and A2 granite (After Eby, 1992).
    Economic and Environmental Geology 2024; 57: 735-768https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2024.57.6.735

    Table 1 . Major oxide compositions of the rocks in the study area.


    Table 2 . CIWP Norm for the granitic rocks of the study area.


    Table 3 . Concentration of some selected trace elements and some important elemental ratios in the rocks of the study area.

    PetrologyAmphiboliteMigmatiteBanded GneissGranite GneissAlbatized GraniteAlkali GraniteQuartz-Feldspar-PegmatiteQuartz-Muscovite-Pegmatite
    Elements (ppm)S10S3S9S7S4S12S2S6S1S5S8S13S14S15S16
    Be123635131581354221435519
    Ba4583684474173351379724892419735814
    Sr1454774513231144450654831760405512
    Y211710143294992122231
    Zr65185250134292228029235231171221184
    Co70595658695647536656296011911466
    Zn100106110801631408091< 30< 30< 30120130100240
    Ga141723264736252930221612797100179
    Rb135485152465822214231542511833213294634823957
    Nb48121430222834753187116164194
    Tl0.20.20.51.14.21.0120.92.50.78.45.611.76.6
    Sn1137816671125203328189585798
    Cs0.71.63.215.15749.97.612.410.814.91.367.954.713362
    Hf1.61.45.83.21.972.17.66.54.11.83.71.21.52.10.3
    Ta0.51.11.41.75.34.24.26.37.5621.711.370.565.591.177.2
    W142132298345412378298310285352187405745802429
    Pb1018153218102835582752201278
    Bi0.4< 0.4< 0.41.12.31.8< 0.4< 0.4< 0.4< 0.4< 0.42.33.1< 0.4< 0.4
    Th1.21.312.47.70.80.426.4310.60.30.40.710.11
    U0.30.41.62.77.46.26.47.61823.41.915.282.60.4
    K/Rb280.97405.85213.89219.5567.4836.76197.84182.5688.8093.25463.0818.0615.6116.0217.43
    Nb/Ta8.007.278.578.247.925.246.675.4012.502.9410.009.5910.093.9922.38
    Rb/Sr0.090.110.190.4742.27205.504.864.628.3410.650.2653.5573.6563.31329.75
    Na/K1.891.601.680.851.201.240.600.590.570.570.640.240.270.160.11
    K/Ba81.1726.2221.5445.044482.8210072120.62111.27668.43992.7241.603054.08630.01961.834927.54

    Table 4 . Concentration of rare earth elements in the rocks of the study area.


    Table 5 . Average abundances and ranges of some trace elements, rare earth elements and selected ratios from upper continental crust values from Taylor and McLennan (1985).


    KSEEG
    Feb 28, 2025 Vol.58 No.1, pp. 1~97

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