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Econ. Environ. Geol. 2024; 57(4): 449-471
Published online August 30, 2024
https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2024.57.4.449
© THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY
Numerical Ages and Petrological Characteristics of the Basalts designated as Natural Monument, Korea
Correspondence to : *cbkim@scnu.ac.kr / tracker@pusan.ac.kr
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided original work is properly cited.
Abstract
We investigated the radiometric ages and petrological characteristics of basaltic rocks with columnar joints, basalt gorge, pillow lava, and mantle xenolith, from the geoheritages designated as Natural Monuments of Korea in recognition of their historical, academic, and scenic excellence. A total of 7 Natural Monuments were selected. They are ‘Basalt gorge along Daegyocheon Stream of Hantangang River’, ‘Basalt gorge and Bidulginangpokpo Falls of Hantangang River, Pocheon’, ‘Pillow lava in Auraji, Pocheon’ distributed along the Chugaryeong Fault System, ‘Peridotite xenolith-bearing basalt in Jinchon-ri Baengnyeongdo Island, Ongjin’, ‘Columnar joint in Daljeon-ri, Pohang’, ‘Columnar joint in Yangnam, Gyeongju’, and ‘Columnar joint along Jungmun and Daepo Coasts, Jeju’. They ranged in age from the Cenozoic Neogene Miocene to the Quarternary Pleistocene. Based on the composition of major elements, Hantangang Basalt corresponded to trachybasalt, Daljeon Basalt to phonotephrite, Eoil Basalt to sub-alkaline basalt, and Daepodong Basalt to alkaline basalt. And in the composition of trace and rare earth elements, only Eoil Basalt showed the characteristics of arc basalt, while the others showed the characteristics of oceanic island basalt.
Keywords Natural Monument, basalt, columnar joint, Ar-Ar dating, geochemistry
국내 천연기념물 현무암체들의 형성시기와 암석학적 특징
채용운1,2 · 김정빈3,* · 하수진2 · 임종덕4 · 임현수2,*
1국립부경대학교 지질환경연구소
2부산대학교 지질환경과학과
3국립순천대학교 물리교육과
4국가유산청 동식물유산과
요 약
역사, 학술 및 경관적 우수성을 인정받아 천연기념물로 지정된 지질유산들 중 주상절리, 현무암 협곡, 베개용암, 맨틀 포획암 등의 다양한 현상들을 나타내는 현무암질 암석들의 형성시기와 암석학적 특징을 고찰해 보았다. 연구대상 천연기념물은 추가령단층계를 따라 분포하는 한탄강현무암의 ‘한탄강 대교천 현무암 협곡’, '포천 한탄강 현무암 협곡과 비둘기낭 폭포', ‘포천 아우라지 베개용암’, 백령도 진촌현무암의 ‘옹진 백령도 진촌리 맨틀포획암 분포지’, 포항 달전현무암의 ‘포항 달전리 주상절리’, 경주어일현무암의 ‘경주 양남 주상절리군’, 제주 대포동현무암의 ‘제주 중문·대포해안 주상절리대’ 등 총 7곳이다. 이들은 신생대 신진기 마이오세에서 제4기 플라이스토세에 이르는 다양한 연령을 보여주었다. 주원소 조성에서 포천 한탄강현무암은 대체로 조면현무암, 달전현무암은 포노테프라이트, 제주 대포동현무암은 알칼리 계열의 현무암, 어일현무암은 비알칼리 계열의 현무암에 해당하며, 미량원소 조성에서 어일현무암 만 화산호 현무암의 특징을 보이고, 그 외 시료들은 해양도 현무암의 특징을 나타냈다.
주요어 천연기념물, 현무암, 주상절리, Ar-Ar 연령, 지화학
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Research Paper
Econ. Environ. Geol. 2024; 57(4): 449-471
Published online August 30, 2024 https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2024.57.4.449
Copyright © THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY.
Numerical Ages and Petrological Characteristics of the Basalts designated as Natural Monument, Korea
Yong-Un Chae1,2, Cheong-Bin Kim3,*, Sujin Ha2, Jong-Deock Lim4, Hyoun Soo Lim2,*
1Institute of Environmental Geosciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
2Department of Geological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
3Department of Physical Education, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
4Division of Animal and Plant Heritage, Korea Heritage Service, Daejeon 35208, Republic of Korea
Correspondence to:*cbkim@scnu.ac.kr / tracker@pusan.ac.kr
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided original work is properly cited.
Abstract
We investigated the radiometric ages and petrological characteristics of basaltic rocks with columnar joints, basalt gorge, pillow lava, and mantle xenolith, from the geoheritages designated as Natural Monuments of Korea in recognition of their historical, academic, and scenic excellence. A total of 7 Natural Monuments were selected. They are ‘Basalt gorge along Daegyocheon Stream of Hantangang River’, ‘Basalt gorge and Bidulginangpokpo Falls of Hantangang River, Pocheon’, ‘Pillow lava in Auraji, Pocheon’ distributed along the Chugaryeong Fault System, ‘Peridotite xenolith-bearing basalt in Jinchon-ri Baengnyeongdo Island, Ongjin’, ‘Columnar joint in Daljeon-ri, Pohang’, ‘Columnar joint in Yangnam, Gyeongju’, and ‘Columnar joint along Jungmun and Daepo Coasts, Jeju’. They ranged in age from the Cenozoic Neogene Miocene to the Quarternary Pleistocene. Based on the composition of major elements, Hantangang Basalt corresponded to trachybasalt, Daljeon Basalt to phonotephrite, Eoil Basalt to sub-alkaline basalt, and Daepodong Basalt to alkaline basalt. And in the composition of trace and rare earth elements, only Eoil Basalt showed the characteristics of arc basalt, while the others showed the characteristics of oceanic island basalt.
Keywords Natural Monument, basalt, columnar joint, Ar-Ar dating, geochemistry
국내 천연기념물 현무암체들의 형성시기와 암석학적 특징
채용운1,2 · 김정빈3,* · 하수진2 · 임종덕4 · 임현수2,*
1국립부경대학교 지질환경연구소
2부산대학교 지질환경과학과
3국립순천대학교 물리교육과
4국가유산청 동식물유산과
요 약
역사, 학술 및 경관적 우수성을 인정받아 천연기념물로 지정된 지질유산들 중 주상절리, 현무암 협곡, 베개용암, 맨틀 포획암 등의 다양한 현상들을 나타내는 현무암질 암석들의 형성시기와 암석학적 특징을 고찰해 보았다. 연구대상 천연기념물은 추가령단층계를 따라 분포하는 한탄강현무암의 ‘한탄강 대교천 현무암 협곡’, '포천 한탄강 현무암 협곡과 비둘기낭 폭포', ‘포천 아우라지 베개용암’, 백령도 진촌현무암의 ‘옹진 백령도 진촌리 맨틀포획암 분포지’, 포항 달전현무암의 ‘포항 달전리 주상절리’, 경주어일현무암의 ‘경주 양남 주상절리군’, 제주 대포동현무암의 ‘제주 중문·대포해안 주상절리대’ 등 총 7곳이다. 이들은 신생대 신진기 마이오세에서 제4기 플라이스토세에 이르는 다양한 연령을 보여주었다. 주원소 조성에서 포천 한탄강현무암은 대체로 조면현무암, 달전현무암은 포노테프라이트, 제주 대포동현무암은 알칼리 계열의 현무암, 어일현무암은 비알칼리 계열의 현무암에 해당하며, 미량원소 조성에서 어일현무암 만 화산호 현무암의 특징을 보이고, 그 외 시료들은 해양도 현무암의 특징을 나타냈다.
주요어 천연기념물, 현무암, 주상절리, Ar-Ar 연령, 지화학
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Table 1 . Summary of the locations, dating methods, and calculated ages of each sample from the Natural Monuments.
Natural Monument Code Latitude Longitude Dating Method Ages (Ma) ± Age n MSWD Basalt gorge along Daegyocheon Stream of Hantangang River HD-1 N38° 10′ 57.5″ E127° 16′ 56.3″ WR Ar-Ar 0.45 0.16 5 0.78 HD-2 N38° 10′ 58.1″ E127° 16′ 56.3″ WR Ar-Ar 0.25 0.03 11 0.82 Basalt gorge and Bidulginangpokpo Falls of Hantangang River, Pocheon BD-1 N38° 04′ 48.5″ E127° 13′ 01.9″ WR Ar-Ar 0.27 0.05 12 0.48 BD-2 N38° 04′ 47.6″ E127° 13′ 02.0″ WR Ar-Ar 0.29 0.05 8 0.81 BD-3 N38° 04′ 48.5″ E127° 13′ 01.9″ WR Ar-Ar 0.29 0.06 9 3 BD-4 N38° 04′ 49.5″ E127° 13′ 00.9″ WR Ar-Ar 0.35 0.07 10 5.8 Pillow lava in Auraji, Pocheon AP-1 N38° 02′ 25.3″ E127° 06′ 57.6″ WR Ar-Ar 0.28 0.08 7 2.5 AP-2 N38° 02′ 25.1″ E127° 06′ 57.4″ WR Ar-Ar 0.29 0.04 6 0.92 AP-3 N38° 02′ 25.2″ E127° 06′ 56.4″ WR Ar-Ar 0.28 0.05 8 1.3 AB-1 N38° 02′ 25.5″ E127° 06′ 57.3″ WR Ar-Ar 0.27 0.05 9 0.83 AB-2 N38° 02′ 26.2″ E127° 06′ 58.5″ WR Ar-Ar 0.30 0.05 18 1.2 Peridotite xenolith-bearing basalt in Jinchon-ri, Baengnyeongdo Island, Ongjin BR-1 N37° 58’ 30.5“ E124° 43′ 50.8″ feldspar Ar-Ar 5.87 0.05 14 4.9 BR-2 N37° 58’ 33.2“ E124° 43′ 51.3″ feldspar Ar-Ar 5.88 0.05 14 6.1 Columnar joint in Daljeon-ri, Pohang PD-3 N36° 01′ 42.4″ E129° 17′ 45.4″ WR K-Ar 20 0.4 - - PD-4 N36° 01′ 41.7″ E129° 17′ 45.0″ WR K-Ar 20.8 0.4 - - Columnar joint in Yangnam, Gyeongju GY-1 N35° 41′ 11.4″ E129° 28′ 29.1″ WR Ar-Ar 15.78 0.7 11 9.7 GY-3 N35° 41′ 12.5″ E129° 28′ 29.3″ WR Ar-Ar 14.1 1.3 12 64 GY-4 N35° 41′ 09.3″ E129° 28′ 29.7″ WR Ar-Ar 17.73 0.8 8 56 Columnar joint along Jungmun and Daepo Coasts, Jeju JD-1 N33° 14′ 14.7″ E126° 25′ 37.1″ WR Ar-Ar 0.29 0.05 10 3.2 JD-2 N33° 14′ 12.8″ E126° 25′ 31.0″ WR Ar-Ar 0.24 0.07 10 7.9 JD-3 N33° 14′ 13.1″ E126° 25′ 27.1″ WR Ar-Ar 0.28 0.09 11 9.9
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Table 2 . 40Ar/39Ar ages for the rocks in the study areas.
Sample Codes Run ID Ca/K Cl/K 39Ar Mol × 10-14 %40Ar* Apparent Age (Ma) ± Age (2σ) Basalt gorge along Daegyocheon Stream of Hantangang River HD-1 461-01 5.206 0.010 0.010 45.7 0.69 0.39 461-02 6.663 0.067 0.010 35.1 0.48 0.37 461-03 4.833 0.025 0.014 26.2 0.51 0.36 461-04 4.009 0.050 0.012 9.9 0.24 0.44 461-05 3.485 0.039 0.023 9.7 0.34 0.30 HD-2 467-01 4.142 0.009 0.024 41.7 0.21 0.08 464-01 5.407 -0.023 0.011 27.1 0.30 0.19 467-02 3.473 0.023 0.024 57.1 0.31 0.08 467-03 3.428 0.004 0.022 56.1 0.25 0.08 464-02 7.825 -0.041 0.018 32.1 0.23 0.11 464-03 7.305 0.025 0.011 45.8 0.27 0.18 464-04 6.242 0.008 0.013 25.7 0.38 0.31 467-05 3.962 -0.016 0.042 19.6 0.22 0.10 464-07 6.989 0.036 0.014 6.7 0.13 0.20 464-08 6.624 0.032 0.015 10.5 0.17 0.18 467-06 3.909 0.045 0.040 4.5 0.05 0.09 467-07 4.075 0.013 0.031 32.3 0.28 0.08 467-08 3.651 0.026 0.029 7.1 0.07 0.10 Basalt gorge and Bidulginangpokpo Falls of Hantangang River, Pocheon BD-1 450-01 6.221 -0.043 0.009 32.8 0.20 0.24 450-02 6.398 -0.091 0.007 42.9 0.25 0.29 450-03 4.217 0.005 0.009 62.5 0.28 0.12 450-04 6.545 0.024 0.007 38.7 0.31 0.15 Sample Codes Run ID Ca/K Cl/K 39Ar Mol × 10-14 %40Ar* Apparent Age (Ma) ± Age (2σ) 450-06 5.906 0.036 0.014 40.3 0.32 0.17 450-07 4.536 -0.062 0.015 24.9 0.22 0.17 450-08 4.319 0.023 0.020 28.9 0.27 0.11 463-01 3.919 -0.010 0.020 28.3 0.40 0.21 463-02 4.626 0.062 0.020 29.7 0.26 0.19 450-09 4.056 0.001 0.037 8.9 0.25 0.15 463-04 5.459 0.017 0.016 28 0.23 0.14 463-05 4.122 0.012 0.016 9.6 0.14 0.18 BD-2 447-01 2.978 0.066 0.007 75.3 0.23 0.28 447-02 5.281 0.015 0.007 86.7 0.26 0.31 447-03 3.776 -0.026 0.008 60.9 0.21 0.12 447-04 4.690 -0.051 0.004 19 0.22 0.28 447-06 4.785 -0.010 0.030 53.6 0.36 0.08 447-08 4.356 -0.004 0.038 24.7 0.28 0.08 462-02 3.745 0.061 0.026 17.8 0.30 0.19 462-04 5.471 0.017 0.013 18.9 0.23 0.18 BD-3 451-01 3.256 0.009 0.013 33.7 0.24 0.16 451-02 3.302 -0.108 0.005 10.6 0.21 0.43 451-03 3.197 0.027 0.012 42.8 0.25 0.09 451-04 5.993 0.012 0.008 26.8 0.19 0.13 451-05 4.572 -0.002 0.029 44 0.43 0.08 451-06 3.052 0.029 0.035 42.1 0.33 0.07 451-07 3.489 0.009 0.031 34.6 0.29 0.06 451-08 3.183 0.004 0.028 33 0.23 0.07 451-09 4.171 0.024 0.035 18.1 0.19 0.12 BD-4 445-01 3.696 -0.003 0.011 53.4 0.23 0.18 445-03 3.922 -0.003 0.006 40.5 0.27 0.18 445-04 8.549 -0.093 0.005 39.6 0.25 0.22 445-06 5.171 0.007 0.027 53 0.45 0.09 445-07 5.118 0.021 0.030 36.2 0.18 0.08 445-08 3.537 0.039 0.037 60.9 0.49 0.07 445-12 5.374 0.000 0.015 42.8 0.29 0.06 445-13 5.506 -0.001 0.018 35.8 0.32 0.06 445-14 4.068 -0.005 0.016 40 0.38 0.07 445-15 3.958 0.019 0.021 37.1 0.40 0.07 Pillow lava in Auraji, Pocheon AP-1 449-01 4.937 -0.012 0.007 27 0.24 0.30 449-02 4.781 -0.059 0.009 28.9 0.14 0.23 449-03 4.723 0.034 0.013 39.6 0.19 0.08 449-04 4.621 0.026 0.010 52.7 0.26 0.11 449-06 4.402 0.010 0.021 39.4 0.22 0.11 449-07 4.928 0.070 0.017 28.6 0.22 0.14 449-08 4.379 0.007 0.036 48.6 0.36 0.06 AP-2 446-02 4.957 -0.051 0.006 36.5 0.21 0.34 446-04 5.089 -0.121 0.006 39.8 0.31 0.18 Sample Codes Run ID Ca/K Cl/K 39Ar Mol × 10-14 %40Ar* Apparent Age (Ma) ± Age (2σ) 446-06 5.169 0.042 0.018 39.8 0.24 0.13 446-07 4.379 0.008 0.035 31.2 0.25 0.07 446-08 4.474 0.010 0.041 32.6 0.33 0.06 446-13 4.991 -0.022 0.013 17.7 0.30 0.09 AP-3 448-01 4.313 -0.052 0.008 48.6 0.18 0.26 448-02 4.601 -0.057 0.009 72.2 0.28 0.22 448-03 4.547 0.021 0.009 32.9 0.18 0.11 448-04 4.757 0.036 0.011 51.6 0.26 0.10 448-06 4.638 0.008 0.031 39.6 0.23 0.08 448-07 4.433 0.013 0.035 45.9 0.32 0.07 448-08 4.382 0.020 0.033 24.7 0.29 0.07 448-09 4.996 0.041 0.019 32.2 0.38 0.12 AB-1 465-01 5.116 -0.028 0.025 18.9 0.23 0.17 465-03 5.390 -0.015 0.017 18.7 0.30 0.18 465-04 5.672 0.025 0.014 33.3 0.36 0.16 468-01 6.064 -0.015 0.016 39.7 0.23 0.13 468-02 4.945 -0.016 0.017 50.3 0.24 0.11 468-03 6.994 0.034 0.014 56 0.34 0.13 468-04 4.515 0.027 0.033 31.5 0.36 0.13 468-05 3.702 0.043 0.03 10.9 0.17 0.17 468-06 5.221 0.049 0.033 17.5 0.25 0.12 AB-2 431-03 4.774 0.056 0.009 61 0.33 0.22 452-01 4.223 -0.204 0.006 16.6 0.14 0.35 452-02 4.149 -0.113 0.007 23.1 0.15 0.30 452-03 4.527 0.088 0.006 65.7 0.34 0.19 452-04 3.983 0.044 0.013 47 0.22 0.08 452-05 1.940 -0.021 0.074 11.1 0.50 0.25 431-04 4.711 -0.017 0.010 40.9 0.34 0.19 452-06 5.017 0.035 0.018 13 0.32 0.14 431-05 5.374 -0.023 0.009 63.2 0.32 0.28 452-07 4.527 0.029 0.022 36.3 0.41 0.11 452-08 4.730 0.016 0.035 25.8 0.36 0.09 431-06 5.131 0.048 0.006 31.9 0.22 0.32 431-07 4.578 -0.032 0.009 37 0.18 0.20 431-08 2.269 0.097 0.018 14.2 0.28 0.26 452-09 4.158 0.000 0.033 16.9 0.18 0.13 431-10 4.337 0.077 0.008 17.2 0.31 0.31 431-11 5.774 0.004 0.011 35.5 0.26 0.20 431-12 4.946 0.024 0.011 27.8 0.42 0.22 Peridotite xenolith-bearing basalt in Jinchon-ri, Baengnyeongdo Island, Ongjin BR-1 519-01 0.233 -0.033 0.025 79.7 5.64 0.10 519-02 0.186 -0.016 0.029 82.5 5.87 0.07 519-03 0.134 0.014 0.020 79.9 5.81 0.09 519-04 0.225 0.053 0.020 77.5 5.99 0.12 519-05 0.249 0.036 0.029 84.9 5.86 0.06 Sample Codes Run ID Ca/K Cl/K 39Ar Mol × 10-14 %40Ar* Apparent Age (Ma) ± Age (2σ) 519-07 0.202 0.000 0.043 87 5.93 0.06 519-08 0.202 0.016 0.034 86.1 5.90 0.07 519-09 0.213 0.020 0.040 83.1 5.91 0.07 519-10 0.208 0.008 0.038 83.2 5.92 0.06 519-11 0.223 0.023 0.015 86.3 5.88 0.16 519-12 0.129 -0.041 0.018 75.7 5.74 0.14 519-13 0.190 0.009 0.026 86.4 5.92 0.09 519-14 0.243 0.044 0.013 76.9 5.57 0.19 519-15 0.141 -0.033 0.014 69.7 5.56 0.18 BR-2 520-01 0.193 0.021 0.038 77.9 5.71 0.07 520-02 0.187 -0.013 0.032 82.7 5.92 0.06 520-03 0.226 0.005 0.041 85.3 5.87 0.04 520-04 0.241 0.007 0.024 86.6 5.89 0.07 520-05 0.177 -0.021 0.040 81.3 6.10 0.14 520-06 0.204 0.002 0.042 82 5.97 0.04 520-07 0.185 -0.012 0.043 77.7 5.86 0.06 520-08 0.238 0.004 0.036 82.1 5.89 0.08 520-09 0.232 0.023 0.023 82.5 5.89 0.10 520-10 0.248 0.003 0.023 78.7 5.86 0.12 520-11 0.182 -0.023 0.019 84.3 5.97 0.12 520-12 0.241 -0.020 0.015 79.8 5.64 0.17 520-13 0.207 0.007 0.018 59.1 5.68 0.13 520-14 0.239 -0.012 0.032 83.9 5.78 0.09 Columnar joint in Yangnam, Gyeongju GY-1 474-01 16.576 -0.152 0.004 36.2 18.75 1.04 475-01 18.725 0.161 0.005 37.5 17.22 0.88 474-02 15.887 0.132 0.005 44.3 14.94 0.76 475-02 16.336 0.096 0.006 39.2 17.06 0.68 474-03 14.876 0.040 0.010 41.2 15.48 0.50 474-04 17.934 0.061 0.010 42.8 15.54 0.45 475-03 16.911 0.083 0.007 38.4 15.42 0.59 475-04 18.623 0.039 0.008 43.7 15.56 0.54 493-01 19.916 0.234 0.005 36 16.76 0.87 493-02 23.011 0.085 0.003 43.6 15.41 1.23 494-01 15.930 0.082 0.004 38.9 13.44 0.94 GY-3 482-01 12.810 0.091 0.006 37.1 16.51 0.71 483-01 13.857 0.135 0.006 27.2 18.81 0.76 482-02 12.050 0.120 0.005 30.5 14.99 0.78 483-02 16.768 0.144 0.005 34.2 16.80 0.80 482-03 9.251 -0.016 0.015 27.4 11.90 0.41 482-04 9.575 -0.015 0.017 34.7 13.17 0.38 483-03 13.064 0.117 0.010 32 15.38 0.44 483-04 15.528 0.062 0.014 33.5 15.87 0.33 501-01 12.505 0.072 0.008 36.1 12.14 0.48 501-02 9.754 0.042 0.007 34.3 11.81 0.49 Sample Codes Run ID Ca/K Cl/K 39Ar Mol × 10-14 %40Ar* Apparent Age (Ma) ± Age (2σ) 502-01 13.614 0.103 0.008 38.1 13.10 0.47 502-02 14.312 0.197 0.006 42.5 14.38 0.65 GY-4 484-01 16.467 -0.057 0.019 31.2 19.01 0.27 484-02 20.390 0.050 0.013 39.4 19.45 0.39 485-01 14.761 0.063 0.022 17.2 18.56 0.28 485-02 19.899 0.025 0.019 29.9 18.46 0.28 486-01 16.422 0.031 0.019 21.7 17.15 0.29 486-02 20.849 -0.002 0.014 37 16.56 0.36 487-01 15.456 0.044 0.030 42.9 17.05 0.18 487-02 17.187 -0.032 0.019 34.1 16.85 0.26 Columnar joint along Jungmun and Daepo Coasts, Jeju JD-1 466-01 4.348 -0.013 0.028 41.6 0.19 0.07 466-02 4.970 0.027 0.029 58.9 0.35 0.06 466-03 4.779 -0.019 0.018 49.2 0.23 0.10 466-04 3.777 -0.011 0.025 34.8 0.41 0.17 478-03 6.763 -0.011 0.034 20.5 0.32 0.06 479-03 4.128 0.025 0.040 17.6 0.39 0.12 497-01 4.363 0.008 0.019 13.8 0.34 0.09 497-02 3.988 -0.007 0.016 20.3 0.27 0.09 498-01 3.789 -0.007 0.019 10.2 0.19 0.08 498-02 4.756 -0.056 0.017 24.3 0.29 0.09 JD-2 481-01 5.406 0.031 0.023 12.1 0.12 0.07 480-02 7.501 -0.015 0.013 12.4 0.15 0.13 481-02 5.453 0.056 0.011 16.4 0.23 0.15 480-03 5.186 0.007 0.035 14.3 0.17 0.04 481-03 6.232 0.005 0.031 20 0.31 0.05 481-04 5.763 -0.006 0.039 16.2 0.21 0.05 499-01 6.444 0.053 0.012 21.7 0.33 0.10 499-02 5.377 0.008 0.017 18 0.34 0.09 500-01 6.319 -0.001 0.018 30.4 0.44 0.07 500-02 4.698 0.056 0.015 17.5 0.19 0.08 JD-3 476-01 5.273 0.043 0.015 9.1 0.14 0.13 477-01 4.611 0.048 0.019 23.7 0.54 0.14 476-02 4.418 -0.080 0.017 20.2 0.24 0.11 477-02 5.122 -0.046 0.015 20 0.25 0.13 476-03 4.803 0.009 0.033 15.8 0.21 0.06 476-04 4.239 -0.006 0.024 19.2 0.54 0.15 477-03 4.996 -0.005 0.030 20 0.23 0.05 477-04 4.954 0.016 0.029 11.1 0.22 0.05 495-01 4.164 -0.025 0.020 28.7 0.65 0.12 495-02 4.455 0.010 0.014 27.2 0.51 0.11 496-01 3.749 -0.007 0.024 9.9 0.24 0.13
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Table 3 . Composition of major elements of the rocks in the study areas.
Location Sample SiO2 Al2O3 TiO2 Fe2O3 MnO MgO CaO Na2O K2O P2O5 SO3 LOI Total Basalt gorge along Daegyocheon Stream of Hantangang River HD-1 47.59 15.49 1.94 11.60 0.24 8.91 7.97 3.53 1.87 0.39 0.13 0.12 99.78 HD-2 47.87 15.96 1.93 11.07 0.23 8.31 8.11 3.81 2.00 0.40 0.13 0.13 99.94 Basalt gorge and Bidulginangpokpo Falls of Hantangang River, Pocheon BD-1 48.38 15.86 1.95 11.20 0.23 8.14 8.37 3.47 1.74 0.37 0.12 0.05 99.89 BD-2 46.06 14.98 1.91 11.48 0.24 7.88 8.23 3.44 1.74 0.36 0.15 0.17 96.63 BD-3 45.24 14.92 1.86 10.69 0.22 7.41 7.80 3.42 1.76 0.36 0.16 6.00 99.86 BD-4 47.35 14.75 2.75 13.51 0.24 7.60 8.05 3.18 1.22 0.47 0.17 0.68 99.96 Pillow lava in Auraji, Pocheon AP-1 47.53 15.03 2.71 13.12 0.23 7.11 8.54 3.34 1.21 0.46 0.15 0.27 99.70 AP-2 47.84 15.48 1.95 11.98 0.26 8.40 8.09 3.41 1.69 0.36 0.16 0.25 99.88 AP-3 47.63 15.43 1.95 11.74 0.24 8.15 8.31 3.44 1.74 0.36 0.16 0.17 99.31 AB-1 46.53 14.81 1.85 11.68 0.24 8.95 8.30 3.26 1.61 0.32 0.10 0.05 97.70 AB-2 46.94 15.19 1.84 11.51 0.24 8.70 8.38 3.68 1.66 0.35 0.11 0.24 98.83 Columnar joint in Daljeon-ri, Pohang PD-3 45.12 16.83 1.90 7.48 0.20 5.40 4.97 6.30 2.95 1.45 0.60 1.69 94.88 PD-4 46.00 17.11 1.86 7.24 0.19 5.60 4.49 5.65 3.23 1.39 0.58 6.00 99.34 Columnar joint in Yangnam, Gyeongju GY-1 48.67 19.52 1.14 9.32 0.23 3.57 10.39 3.11 0.38 0.16 0.02 1.32 97.83 GY-3 50.95 20.08 1.18 9.05 0.24 3.27 10.50 3.29 0.49 0.17 0.03 0.33 99.57 GY-4 49.72 19.92 1.11 9.06 0.23 3.79 10.57 3.16 0.42 0.16 0.02 0.66 98.82 Columnar joint along Jungmun and Daepo Coasts, Jeju JD-1 46.84 15.17 1.92 11.64 0.24 8.35 8.01 2.98 1.69 0.36 0.12 1.95 99.27 JD-2 47.33 15.03 2.75 13.46 0.24 6.94 8.63 3.10 1.10 0.46 0.16 0.01 99.21 JD-3 47.86 15.28 1.96 11.95 0.25 8.84 8.30 3.24 1.63 0.36 0.11 0.11 99.89
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Table 4 . Composition of trace and rare earth elements of the rocks in the study areas.
HD-1 HD-2 BD-1 BD-2 BD-3 BD-4 AP-1 AP-2 AP-3 AB-1 AB-2 PD-3 PD-4 GY-1 GY-3 GY-4 JD-1 JD-2 JD-3 Ba 327.9 301.0 252.9 256.5 286.8 288.4 281.9 278.5 270.8 334.4 249.5 524.1 602.1 121.4 152.4 129.3 357.6 378.2 367.8 Sr 632.5 593.8 548.4 568.5 581.3 610.5 577.2 553.9 559.1 679.7 575.9 1204.9 1098.2 522.3 521.0 522.4 509.8 579.2 561.3 Co 46.2 48.6 53.6 52.0 47.0 48.5 52.2 51.1 50.3 43.7 51.4 22.8 21.6 26.3 27.1 25.0 49.4 50.5 48.5 Cr 177.9 182.0 190.3 168.7 138.2 131.2 173.1 172.4 173.3 172.2 183.4 49.3 54.7 27.9 57.6 75.7 198.4 169.2 169.6 Cu 56.6 53.0 57.7 58.2 63.4 61.8 64.7 60.4 60.1 57.2 55.3 23.6 22.6 34.7 49.3 47.3 42.9 39.4 61.9 Ga 25.4 23.6 24.7 27.2 26.7 26.4 26.7 26.0 25.7 25.4 27.4 24.6 25.0 25.3 21.7 21.6 30.8 32.4 31.0 Li 5.9 5.5 6.1 5.9 6.2 5.4 6.3 5.8 6.2 5.4 6.2 15.9 28.5 9.3 6.4 7.0 5.5 4.4 5.3 Ni 168.6 172.5 186.1 173.9 155.9 164.1 161.6 165.0 156.7 143.3 167.2 52.0 57.7 16.2 45.8 44.4 149.7 140.1 135.0 Sc 18.7 17.0 23.7 21.7 19.2 17.5 21.0 21.4 22.6 21.7 22.2 10.2 9.9 23.3 19.4 17.5 17.8 18.6 17.3 V 153.4 151.8 159.1 166.0 153.1 157.5 163.1 159.1 156.3 157.5 158.3 103.6 96.8 220.2 208.0 212.0 186.2 197.0 181.6 Zn 84.9 84.4 93.5 93.8 91.8 94.4 100.9 94.6 91.1 81.7 87.4 53.6 52.6 86.3 76.8 71.3 128.3 134.4 130.9 Zr 215.7 205.3 188.5 197.1 207.2 204.2 201.5 197.0 204.1 201.2 186.8 377.7 157.3 93.8 93.1 90.5 226.9 237.4 222.4 Rb 26.0 24.6 21.3 19.9 24.7 22.7 24.1 22.0 22.4 21.0 21.6 52.7 57.1 7.0 9.9 7.6 17.4 15.1 18.0 Y 26.9 24.2 27.2 26.8 27.6 26.2 28.2 27.0 27.5 24.1 24.9 29.2 28.5 22.2 21.6 20.8 24.1 26.5 24.3 Nb 40.4 38.0 37.6 38.5 41.4 40.5 40.1 40.2 8.1 32.6 35.4 60.4 7.7 3.0 3.0 3.0 47.3 52.1 51.9 Mo 1.4 0.3 1.0 0.8 2.1 1.7 2.7 2.5 1.7 1.4 2.1 5.0 4.7 1.4 1.5 1.4 2.1 2.5 1.8 Cs 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.3 1.8 2.1 1.4 1.8 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.1 La 26.4 23.4 23.6 23.8 25.9 24.2 25.5 23.8 25.3 22.0 22.1 101.9 96.6 8.1 7.9 7.4 28.2 32.1 30.3 Ce 54.5 48.5 48.7 50.0 54.1 49.8 53.3 50.1 51.9 45.0 46.5 185.6 176.6 21.5 20.5 19.5 59.3 64.5 61.5 Pr 6.6 6.0 5.8 6.0 6.4 6.1 6.3 6.2 6.3 5.5 5.6 19.5 18.1 3.0 2.9 2.7 7.3 8.0 7.4 Nd 27.8 23.4 24.2 24.4 25.9 25.3 25.9 25.5 25.8 22.2 24.0 69.0 64.1 14.5 13.9 13.6 30.3 34.0 31.0 Sm 6.0 5.4 5.5 6.0 5.4 5.9 6.2 5.7 6.0 5.2 5.4 10.6 9.8 4.5 3.7 3.5 7.1 7.5 6.8 Eu 2.0 1.6 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.0 1.8 1.8 3.3 3.1 1.5 1.3 1.3 2.4 2.6 2.4 Gd 5.9 4.9 5.3 5.6 5.6 5.6 6.0 5.8 6.0 5.3 5.6 7.7 7.6 4.6 3.9 4.0 6.5 7.4 6.7 Tb 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.0 Dy 5.4 5.1 5.6 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.9 5.5 5.5 4.9 5.2 6.3 5.8 4.6 4.1 3.9 5.4 6.1 5.4 Ho 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.9 Er 3.0 2.6 2.8 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.0 3.1 2.7 2.8 3.2 3.1 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.8 2.4 Tm 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Yb 2.7 2.0 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 1.8 2.0 1.7 Lu 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 Hf 5.0 4.5 4.5 4.7 4.7 4.6 5.0 4.7 4.7 4.4 4.3 4.4 1.5 2.4 2.3 2.4 5.5 5.9 5.7 Ta 20.8 22.1 19.5 25.0 22.1 21.0 20.9 21.1 2.5 16.6 17.2 32.1 2.3 3.5 2.1 2.3 26.9 29.4 27.2 Pb 3.8 3.4 3.1 3.2 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.5 3.5 4.0 3.3 9.0 8.8 6.4 4.6 4.4 2.8 5.1 3.4 Th 3.3 2.6 2.9 3.0 3.2 2.8 2.9 2.9 3.2 2.8 2.6 15.6 15.4 0.9 0.8 0.6 4.5 5.1 4.5 U 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.7 5.0 4.8 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.8 0.7 0.5 ΣREE 143.0 125.0 128.0 131.0 138.6 132.9 139.9 132.7 137.2 119.3 124.0 412.6 390.1 69.8 65.1 62.7 152.9 169.5 157.8 Eu/Eu* 1.03 0.97 1.01 0.90 1.01 1.02 0.97 1.00 0.99 1.02 1.00 1.11 1.09 1.04 1.02 1.03 1.06 1.05 1.09 (La/Yb)N 7.16 8.52 7.39 7.03 7.75 6.63 6.54 6.59 6.92 6.59 6.95 28.09 27.19 2.47 2.51 2.40 11.50 11.68 12.91
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