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Econ. Environ. Geol. 2024; 57(1): 83-91
Published online February 29, 2024
https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2024.57.1.83
© THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY
Analysis of the Effects of Recycling and Reuse of Used Electric Vehicle Batteries in Korea
Correspondence to : *kyj@kigam.re.kr
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided original work is properly cited.
Abstract
According to the IEA (2022), global rechargeable battery demand is expected to reach 1.3 TWh in 2040. EV batteries will account for about 80% of this demand, and used EV batteries are expected to be discharged after 30 years. Used EV batteries can be recycled and reused to create new value. They can also resolve one of the most vulnerable parts of the battery supply chain: raw material insecurity. In this study, we analyzed the amount of used batteries generated by EV in Korea and their potential for reuse and recycling. As a result, it was estimated that the annual generation of used batteries for EV began to increase to more than 100,000 in '31 and expanded to 810,000 in '45. In addition, it was found that the market for recycling EV batteries in '45 could be expected to be equivalent to the production of 1 million batteries, and the market for reuse could be expected to be equivalent to the production of 36 Gwh of batteries. On the other hand, according to the plan standard disclosed by the recycling company, domestic used EV batteries can account for 11% of the domestic recycling processing capacity (pre-treatment) ('30). So it will be important to manage the import and export of used batteries in terms of securing raw materials.
Keywords used EV batteries, recycle, reuse, supply chain
한국의 전기차 사용 후 배터리 재활용 및 재사용 효과 분석 연구
김유정*
한국지질자원연구원
요 약
IEA(2022)는 세계 이차전지 배터리 수요는 2040년 1.3TWh로 그 중, 전기자동차 배터리는 약 80%를 차지하고, 사용후 배터리는 30년 이후 본격적으로 배출될 것으로 전망되고 있다. 전기차 사용후 배터리는 재사용 및 재활용을 통해 새로운 가치를 창출할 수 있으며, 배터리 공급망에서 가장 취약한 부분인 원료 확보 불안정성을 해소할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 국내 전기차 사용후 배터리 발생량과 이의 재사용 및 재활용 잠재성을 분석하였다. 그 결과, 전기차 사용후 배터리 연간 발생량은 ‘31년부터 10만개에서 ‘45년 81만개로 확대될 것으로 추정되었다. 또한 재활용으로 회수한 자원으로 ‘45년에는 100만대의 배터리 제조할 수 있으며, 재사용은 36Gwh급 배터리 생산에 맞먹는 시장을 기대할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 현재 재활용 업체가 공개한 계획기준에서, 국내 전기차 사용후 배터리는 국내 재활용 처리용량(전처리)의 11% 담당 가능(‘30년)할 것으로 원료확보의 차원에서 폐배터리 수출입 관리가 중요할 것이다.
주요어 사용후 배터리, 발생량, 재활용, 재사용, 공급망
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Research Paper
Econ. Environ. Geol. 2024; 57(1): 83-91
Published online February 29, 2024 https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2024.57.1.83
Copyright © THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY.
Analysis of the Effects of Recycling and Reuse of Used Electric Vehicle Batteries in Korea
Yujeong Kim*
Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources
Correspondence to:*kyj@kigam.re.kr
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided original work is properly cited.
Abstract
According to the IEA (2022), global rechargeable battery demand is expected to reach 1.3 TWh in 2040. EV batteries will account for about 80% of this demand, and used EV batteries are expected to be discharged after 30 years. Used EV batteries can be recycled and reused to create new value. They can also resolve one of the most vulnerable parts of the battery supply chain: raw material insecurity. In this study, we analyzed the amount of used batteries generated by EV in Korea and their potential for reuse and recycling. As a result, it was estimated that the annual generation of used batteries for EV began to increase to more than 100,000 in '31 and expanded to 810,000 in '45. In addition, it was found that the market for recycling EV batteries in '45 could be expected to be equivalent to the production of 1 million batteries, and the market for reuse could be expected to be equivalent to the production of 36 Gwh of batteries. On the other hand, according to the plan standard disclosed by the recycling company, domestic used EV batteries can account for 11% of the domestic recycling processing capacity (pre-treatment) ('30). So it will be important to manage the import and export of used batteries in terms of securing raw materials.
Keywords used EV batteries, recycle, reuse, supply chain
한국의 전기차 사용 후 배터리 재활용 및 재사용 효과 분석 연구
김유정*
한국지질자원연구원
요 약
IEA(2022)는 세계 이차전지 배터리 수요는 2040년 1.3TWh로 그 중, 전기자동차 배터리는 약 80%를 차지하고, 사용후 배터리는 30년 이후 본격적으로 배출될 것으로 전망되고 있다. 전기차 사용후 배터리는 재사용 및 재활용을 통해 새로운 가치를 창출할 수 있으며, 배터리 공급망에서 가장 취약한 부분인 원료 확보 불안정성을 해소할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 국내 전기차 사용후 배터리 발생량과 이의 재사용 및 재활용 잠재성을 분석하였다. 그 결과, 전기차 사용후 배터리 연간 발생량은 ‘31년부터 10만개에서 ‘45년 81만개로 확대될 것으로 추정되었다. 또한 재활용으로 회수한 자원으로 ‘45년에는 100만대의 배터리 제조할 수 있으며, 재사용은 36Gwh급 배터리 생산에 맞먹는 시장을 기대할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 현재 재활용 업체가 공개한 계획기준에서, 국내 전기차 사용후 배터리는 국내 재활용 처리용량(전처리)의 11% 담당 가능(‘30년)할 것으로 원료확보의 차원에서 폐배터리 수출입 관리가 중요할 것이다.
주요어 사용후 배터리, 발생량, 재활용, 재사용, 공급망
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Table 1 . Number of new cars & new electric vehicles registration per year in Korea.
2015 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Number of new EV registrations Cumulative 5,712 55,756 89,928 134,962 231,443 389,855 Annual (A) 2,937 30,648 34,172 45,034 96,481 158,412 Number of new car registrations (B) 1833293 1813051 1786326 1905972 1734581 1,697,135 (A)/(B)*100 0% 2% 2% 2% 6% 9% * data source: https://stat.molit.go.kr/portal/main/portalMain.do(2023.03.12.).
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Table 2 . Capacity and weight of EV battery by period.
~2020 2021~2030 2031 ~ 2040 Capacity of EV battery 25kwh/piece 70kwh/piece 100kwh/piece Weight of EV battery 250kg/piece 500kg/piece 700kg/piece
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Table 3 . Recycling and reuse percentage of used EV batteries.
~2025 2026 ~ Recycling VS Reuse 60% : 40% 45% : 55%
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Table 4 . Recycling recovery rate of used EV batteries.
2025 2026 ~ 비고 Li, Mn, Co, Ni Pre-processing recovery rate 90% 95% *National R&D project objectives of secondary battery collection and dismantling technology are reflected8) Post-processing recovery rate 95% 98% * China's Policy Technology Goals9): Li : 85%,Co, Mn, Ni : 98%Al, Cu 90% 90% * Applying the recycling rate of small waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
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Table 5 . Amount of metal content by EV battery cathode(ton/GWh).
Al Co Cu C Li Mn Ni LiNMC 622 987 214 1200 966 126 200 641 LiNMC 811 854 94 1200 984 111 88 750 * Source: CSIRO(2021), Critical Energy Minerals Roadmap.
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Table 6 . Price of used EV battery in Korea market.
~2030 2031 ~ Used EV battery price 15$/kwh 27$/kwh
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Table 7 . Reuse effect of after used EV battery in Korea.
2030 2035 2040 2045 Reusable battery capacity (GWh) 2.3 10 20.5 35.9 Battery production effect (hundred million won) 2,978 12,940 26,677 46,659 Sales of Reusing (hundred million won) 955 3,558 6,103 8,991
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Table 8 . Recycling throughput of used EV batteries in Korea.
2030 2035 2040 2045 1st 2nd Sum 1st 2nd Sum 1st 2nd Sum 1st 2nd Sum Number (thousand) 37 3 40 138 46 184 237 169 406 349 290 639 Weight (1,000 tons) 17 0.7 18 69 21 90 141 84 225 244 172 416 Capacity (GWh) 2 0 2 10 3 13 20 12 32 35 24 59
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Table 9 . Current status and plan of domestic used EV batteries recycling processing and facility capacity.
2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 Domestic facility capacity for pre-treatment of waste batteries (a) ton/year 88,000 168,000 168,000 168,000 168,000 Electric vehicle waste battery recycling processing volume (b) ton 1,767 3,325 6,276 11,123 18,185 Facility capacity comparison processing rate (a)/(b)*100 % 2% 2% 4% 7% 11%
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