Investigation of Source Area and Material Characteristics of the Stone Properties from Stone-lined Tombs in Cheongyang Rokpyeong-ri Site, Korea

Il Kyu Choi; Jun Ho Song; Bo Seon Lee; Chan Hee Lee

doi:10.9719/EEG.2023.56.2.201

Quick links

Archives Most Cited Most Read Review My Read Go to E-submission

Research Paper

Split Viewer

Econ. Environ. Geol. 2023; 56(2): 201-215

Published online April 30, 2023

https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2023.56.2.201

Investigation of Source Area and Material Characteristics of the Stone Properties from Stone-lined Tombs in Cheongyang Rokpyeong-ri Site, Korea

Il Kyu Choi¹, Jun Ho Song¹, Bo Seon Lee², Chan Hee Lee^1,*

Author Info. +

¹Department of Cultural Heritage Conservation Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, Korea
²Baekje Research Institute for Cultural Heritage, Buyeo 33128, Korea

Correspondence to : ^*chanlee@kongju.ac.kr

Received: March 8, 2023; Revised: March 31, 2023; Accepted: April 3, 2023

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided original work is properly cited.

Abstract

In the stone-lined tombs from Cheongyang Rokpyeong-ri site, several stone-lined tombs corresponding to the Three Kingdoms Period, Unified Silla Period and Goryeo Dynasty were excavated. In this study, the stone properties of petrological, mineralogical and geochemical characteristics from 15 stone-lined tombs were analyzed, the rock species and occupation rate were reviewed, also the provenance area was interpreted. There are five types of rocks used as members of the tombs, including black sandstone, greywacke, slate, conglomerate and gneiss. As a result of magnetic susceptibilities, the rocks of the tombs and presumed provenance are all shown in the same range, and the similarity between the tombs and the source area is high in geochemical behavior characteristics. The stone properties of the tombs are the same as the presumed provenance rocks and is distributed within a 500m around the bedrock of the tombs in the excavation site, so it seems that self-sufficiency was possible on the site without a special procurement system. These stones are interpreted to have been constructed through some trimming without any special technique, but some stone tombs have been confirmed to used homogeneous black sandstone at the bottom of the tombs, so it is believed that there were artificial selection of stones.

Keywords Rokpyeong-ri site, stone-lined tombs, rock properties, provenance area, procurement system

청양 록평리 유적 석곽묘 석재의 재질특성 및 산지탐색

최일규¹ · 송준호¹ · 이보선² · 이찬희^1,*

¹국립공주대학교 문화재보존과학과
²백제문화재연구원

요 약

청양 록평리 유적에서는 삼국시대와 통일신라 및 고려시대에 해당하는 여러 기의 석곽묘가 발굴되었다. 이 연구에서는 15기의 석곽묘를 대상으로 암석광물학적 및 지구화학적 특성을 분석하여 암종과 점유율을 검토하고 석재의 산지를 해석하였다. 석곽묘 부재로 사용한 암석은 흑색 사암, 잡사암, 점판암, 역암 및 편마암 등 5종이다. 전암대자율 측정 결과, 석곽묘와 추정산지의 동종 암석은 모두 같은 범위에 도시되며, 지구화학적 거동특성도 연구대상과 추정산지 석재의 유사성이 높게 나타난다. 석곽묘의 석재는 추정산지 암석과 성인적으로 동일하며, 유적의 기반암과 500m 이내에 분포하고 있어 특별한 조달체계 없이 현장에서 자급자족이 가능했을 것으로 보인다. 이 석재들은 특별한 치석 없이 약간의 할석을 통해 축조한 것으로 판단되나, 일부 석곽묘의 부석시설로는 균질한 흑색 사암을 사용한 것으로 보아 석재의 인위적인 선별이 있었던 것으로 해석된다.

주요어 록평리 유적, 석곽묘, 석재, 공급지, 조달체계

Article

Research Paper

Econ. Environ. Geol. 2023; 56(2): 201-215

Published online April 30, 2023 https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2023.56.2.201

Investigation of Source Area and Material Characteristics of the Stone Properties from Stone-lined Tombs in Cheongyang Rokpyeong-ri Site, Korea

Il Kyu Choi¹, Jun Ho Song¹, Bo Seon Lee², Chan Hee Lee^1,*

¹Department of Cultural Heritage Conservation Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, Korea
²Baekje Research Institute for Cultural Heritage, Buyeo 33128, Korea

Correspondence to:^*chanlee@kongju.ac.kr

Received: March 8, 2023; Revised: March 31, 2023; Accepted: April 3, 2023

Abstract

Keywords Rokpyeong-ri site, stone-lined tombs, rock properties, provenance area, procurement system

청양 록평리 유적 석곽묘 석재의 재질특성 및 산지탐색

최일규¹ · 송준호¹ · 이보선² · 이찬희^1,*

¹국립공주대학교 문화재보존과학과
²백제문화재연구원

Received: March 8, 2023; Revised: March 31, 2023; Accepted: April 3, 2023

요 약

주요어 록평리 유적, 석곽묘, 석재, 공급지, 조달체계

Fig 1.

Download

Figure 1.Photographs showing the stone-lined tombs in the Rokpyeong-ri site. (A) Excavation sites of the location around the survey areas. (B) Field distributions of the sites in the survey area 1.

Economic and Environmental Geology 2023; 56: 201-215https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2023.56.2.201

Fig 2.

Download

Figure 2.Representative occurrences of the stone-lined tombs in the study area. (A to E) The stone-lined tombs in area 1. (F to H) The stone-lined tombs in area 5.

Economic and Environmental Geology 2023; 56: 201-215https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2023.56.2.201

Fig 3.

Download

Figure 3.Representative stone properties of the stone-lined tombs in the study area. (A) C-BS, (B) C-GW, (C) C-SL, (D) C-CG, (E) C-GN. Sample numbers are the same as those of Table 1.

Economic and Environmental Geology 2023; 56: 201-215https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2023.56.2.201

Fig 4.

Download

Figure 4.Lithological maps showing the stone-lined tombs in the study area. Site numbers are the same as those of Table 2.

Economic and Environmental Geology 2023; 56: 201-215https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2023.56.2.201

Fig 5.

Download

Figure 5.Representative stereoscopic and polarizing microphotographs showing the stone properties of the stone-lined tombs in the study area. PPL; under the plane polarized light, XPL; under the cross polarized light.

Economic and Environmental Geology 2023; 56: 201-215https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2023.56.2.201

Fig 6.

Download

Figure 6.X-ray powder diffraction patterns showing the stone properties of the stone-lined tombs in the study area. Q; quartz, Ch; chlorite, M; mica, Pl; plagioclase, Af; alkali feldspar.

Economic and Environmental Geology 2023; 56: 201-215https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2023.56.2.201

Fig 7.

Download

Figure 7.Magnetic susceptibilities showing the stone properties of the stone-lined tombs in the study area.

Economic and Environmental Geology 2023; 56: 201-215https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2023.56.2.201

Fig 8.

Download

Figure 8.Simplified geological map around the study area.

Economic and Environmental Geology 2023; 56: 201-215https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2023.56.2.201

Fig 9.

Download

Figure 9.Representative rocks showing the presumed provenances for the stone-lined tombs in the study area. (A) CS-BS, (B) CS-GW, (C) CS-SL, (D) CS-CG, (E) CS-GN. Sample numbers are the same as those of Table 3.

Economic and Environmental Geology 2023; 56: 201-215https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2023.56.2.201

Fig 10.

Download

Figure 10.Representative stereoscopic and polarizing microphotographs showing the rocks from the presumed provenance for the stonelined tombs in the study area. PPL; under the plane polarized light, XPL; under the cross polarized light.

Economic and Environmental Geology 2023; 56: 201-215https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2023.56.2.201

Fig 11.

Download

Figure 11.X-ray powder diffraction patterns showing the rocks from the presumed provenance for the stone-lined tombs in the study area. Q; quartz, Ch; chlorite, M; mica, Pl; plagioclase, Af; alkali feldspar.

Economic and Environmental Geology 2023; 56: 201-215https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2023.56.2.201

Fig 12.

Download

Figure 12.Magnetic susceptibilities showing the rocks from the presumed provenances and the stone-lined tombs in the study area.

Economic and Environmental Geology 2023; 56: 201-215https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2023.56.2.201

Fig 13.

Download

Figure 13.Diagrams showing the normalized major elements (A), rare earth elements (B), compatible and incompatible elements (C) patterns of the rocks from the presumed provenances and the stone-lined tombs in the study area.

Economic and Environmental Geology 2023; 56: 201-215https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2023.56.2.201

Fig 14.

Download

Figure 14.Possible provenance interpretation showing the stone properties of the stone-lined tombs around the study area. (A, B) Detailed topographic distributions around the study area.

Economic and Environmental Geology 2023; 56: 201-215https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2023.56.2.201

Table 1 . Representative stone properties of the stone-lined tombs in the Rokpyeong-ri site.

Rock type	No.	Location	Period
Black Sandstone	C-BS	Area 1, Tomb No. 15	Three Kingdoms
Greywacke	C-GW	Area 1, Tomb No. 22	Three Kingdoms
Slate	C-SL	Area 5, Tomb No. 4	Unified Silla
Conglomerate	C-CG	Area 1, Tomb No. 2	Goryeo
Gneiss	C-GN	Area 5, Tomb No. 1	Unified Silla

Table 2 . Description for stone properties of the stone-lined tombs in the study area.

No.	Location	Period	No.	Location	Period
A	Area 1, Tomb No. 01	Three Kingdoms	I	Area 1, Tomb No. 05	Unified Silla
B	Area 1, Tomb No. 08	Three Kingdoms	J	Area 1, Tomb No. 02	Goryeo
C	Area 1, Tomb No. 11	Three Kingdoms	K	Area 5, Tomb No. 01	Unified Silla
D	Area 1, Tomb No. 15	Three Kingdoms	L	Area 5, Tomb No. 02	Unified Silla
E	Area 1, Tomb No. 22	Three Kingdoms	M	Area 5, Tomb No. 03	Unified Silla
F	Area 1, Tomb No. 24	Three Kingdoms	N	Area 5, Tomb No. 04	Unified Silla
G	Area 1, Tomb No. 31	Three Kingdoms	O	Area 5, Tomb No. 05	Unified Silla
H	Area 1, Tomb No. 01	Unified Silla	-	-	-

Table 3 . Rock samples of presumed provenances for stone properties from the stone-lined tombs in the study area.

Rock type	No.	Location
Black Sandstone	CS-BS	Northwest slope of Mt. Bibongsan
Greywacke	CS-GW
Slate	CS-SL
Conglomerate	CS-CG
Gneiss	CS-GN

Table 4 . Compositions of major (wt.%), some minor and rare earth (ppm) elements for stone properties from the stone-lined tombs and presumed provenance rocks around the study area. Sample numbers are the same as those of Table 1 and 3.

No.	Stones of stone-lined tombs					Rocks of presumed provenance
No.	C-BS	C-GW	C-SL	C-CG	C-GN	CS-BS	CS-GW	CS-SL	CS-CG	CS-GN
SiO₂	93.75	65.84	71.99	62.56	69.18	79.95	66.99	60.56	63.47	68.21
Al₂O₃	4.01	18.69	16.31	17.61	18.59	11.44	18.28	21.17	17.91	16.88
Fe₂O₃	0.72	5.72	1.26	9.49	3.43	2.64	4.95	6.37	8.90	6.31
MnO	0.01	0.04	0.04	0.05	0.02	0.01	0.04	0.04	0.05	0.04
MgO	0.14	0.58	0.12	0.94	0.26	0.31	0.57	1.14	0.83	0.68
CaO	0.03	0.04	0.26	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.02
Na₂O	0.08	0.39	0.87	0.25	0.22	0.14	0.17	0.35	0.17	0.23
K₂O	0.96	3.97	3.46	3.5	4.81	2.79	4.53	4.64	4.01	3.75
TiO₂	0.05	1.36	0.58	1.25	0.33	0.30	1.04	1.04	1.20	1.03
P₂O₅	0.04	0.13	0.22	0.05	0.04	0.07	0.10	0.08	0.07	0.06
LOI	0.91	3.67	3.48	3.63	3.36	2.27	3.81	4.18	3.87	3.14
Total	99.79	96.76	95.11	95.72	96.90	97.68	96.69	95.41	96.64	97.21
Ba	206	983	540	817	1,330	361	1,020	912	999	914
Be	1	6	2	5	5	2	5	4	4	5
Cd	<0.5	<0.5	<0.5	<0.5	<0.5	<0.5	<0.5	<0.5	<0.5	<0.5
Co	1	5	1	12	4	3	4	5	10	7
Cr	1	34	74	43	31	26	36	64	51	38
Cu	4	13	2	9	31	9	7	6	20	6
Hf	1.5	15.1	6.3	16.2	4.6	12.9	12.1	8.4	16.6	12.6
Ni	10	29	9	26	15	24	20	31	25	22
Pb	16	44	26	26	25	15	55	16	28	48
Rb	60	210	110	140	220	160	220	230	170	140
Sc	0.9	8.6	9.3	10.8	5.8	4.9	7.7	12.6	15.4	12.4
Sr	23	159	113	50	47	66	77	106	55	51
V	8	44	72	42	17	19	31	51	50	39
Zn	11	85	27	151	45	72	101	84	123	84
Zr	51	670	230	638	187	463	534	319	658	529
La	10.3	244.0	33.9	75.9	35.8	83.3	116.0	180.0	90.9	109.0
Ce	19	295	77	163	58	113	171	353	216	215
Nd	5	126	29	63	23	81	57	154	81	82
Sm	1.5	14.8	6.1	11.1	4.9	13.5	6.4	25.1	13.9	15.4
Eu	0.3	1.9	1.3	1.5	0.7	1.6	0.5	2.5	1.5	1.4
Tb	<0.5	<0.5	1.5	<0.5	<0.5	<0.5	<0.5	<0.5	<0.5	<0.5
Yb	0.6	3.3	4.4	6.1	1.1	2.4	1.3	5.7	5.2	3.5
Lu	0.07	0.31	0.53	0.67	0.17	0.28	0.16	0.67	0.61	0.37

Aug 30, 2024 Vol.57 No.4, pp. 353~471

Current Issue Archives

Article Tools

Research Paper

Investigation of Source Area and Material Characteristics of the Stone Properties from Stone-lined Tombs in Cheongyang Rokpyeong-ri Site, Korea

Abstract

청양 록평리 유적 석곽묘 석재의 재질특성 및 산지탐색

요 약

Article

Research Paper

Investigation of Source Area and Material Characteristics of the Stone Properties from Stone-lined Tombs in Cheongyang Rokpyeong-ri Site, Korea

Abstract

청양 록평리 유적 석곽묘 석재의 재질특성 및 산지탐색

요 약

Fig 1.

Fig 2.

Fig 3.

Fig 4.

Fig 5.

Fig 6.

Fig 7.

Fig 8.

Fig 9.

Fig 10.

Fig 11.

Fig 12.

Fig 13.

Fig 14.

Article Tools

Stats or Metrics

Share this article on

Related articles in KSEEG

Source Area Investigation and Petrological Characteristics of Rock Properties from the Jeseokri Stone-Lined Tombs in Gimcheon, Korea