Research Paper
Split Viewer
Econ. Environ. Geol. 2022; 55(1): 29-43
Published online February 28, 2022
https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2022.55.1.29
© THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY
Estimation of Groundwater Quality and Background Level in Boseong Area, South Korea
Correspondence to : *Corresponding author : kangjoo@kunsan.ac.kr
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided original work is properly cited.
Abstract
The groundwater quality in Boseong area was characterized and their background concentrations were estimated based on the chemical data obtained from 200 groundwater samples collected during July 2019. Groundwater data were classified into two groups: Group 1 with NO3- < 44.3 mg/L and Group 2 with NO3- ≥ 44.3 mg/L. Results of t-tests indicate that groundwaters in Group 2 are significantly higher in water temperature and Ca concentration and significantly lower in F, As, Pb and Zn concentrations. It was also revealed that groundwaters Group 2 are closely linked to low pH, alkalinity, NH4, NO2, F, As, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn levels, and high EC and water temperature. Background concentrations were estimated using the the BRIDGE method. The results depicted the higher levels in NO3, NH4, PO4, As, Fe, Mn than the ones estimated by MOE and KECO (2018; 2019), which were prepared for the three catchment units in Boseong. The results of this study are believed to have more reliability because more data were used.
Keywords Boseong area, groundwater, background level, water quality
보성지역 지하수의 배경 수질 및 오염 특성 분석
문상호1 · 이진원2 · 김강주2,* · 주정웅3
1한국지질자원연구원 기후변화대응연구본부 지하수환경연구센터
2군산대학교 환경공학과
3(주)지오그린21
요 약
2019년 7월에 얻어진 200개의 지하수 수질자료를 활용하여 보성지역 지하수의 수질 특성을 평가하고, 배경 수질을 도출하였다. 지하수는 질산성질소 농도를 기준으로 Group 1(NO3- < 44.3 mg/L)과 Group 2(NO3- ≥ 44.3 mg/L)로 구분하였다. t-test 결과, Group 2는 Group 1에 비해 유의성 있게 수온과 Ca 농도가 높았고, F, As, Pb, Zn 등의 농도는 낮게 나타났다. 질산염 농도가 높은 경우에는 낮은 pH, 알칼리도, NH4, NO2, F, As, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn 등의 농도를 보였으며, EC 및 수온은 높아지는 경향을 보였다. 한편, 배경농도는 BRIDGE 방법으로 설정하였다. 본 연구에서 설정된 NO3, NH4, PO4, As, Fe, Mn 항목들에 대한 배경농도값들은 기존의 환경부 보고서(MOE and KECO, 2018; 2019)에 제시된 중권역별 배경농도 산정 결과보다는 다소 높게 설정되었다. 본 연구에 이용된 수질자료의 수가 훨씬 많다는 점을 감안하면, 본 연구에서 산출된 배경수질 자료의 신뢰성이 더 높은 것이라 판단된다.
주요어 보성지역, 지하수, 배경농도, 수질 특성
PDF
Standard view
Export citation
Share Article
Research Paper
Econ. Environ. Geol. 2022; 55(1): 29-43
Published online February 28, 2022 https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2022.55.1.29
Copyright © THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY.
Estimation of Groundwater Quality and Background Level in Boseong Area, South Korea
Sang-Ho Moon1, Jinwon Lee2, Kangjoo Kim2,*, Jeong-woung Ju3
1Climate Change Response Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), Daejeon, 34132, Korea
2Department of Environmental Engineering, Kunsan National University, Jeonbuk, 54150, Korea
3Geogreen21, 901 E&C Venture Dream Tower, Seoul 08376, Korea
Correspondence to:*Corresponding author : kangjoo@kunsan.ac.kr
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided original work is properly cited.
Abstract
The groundwater quality in Boseong area was characterized and their background concentrations were estimated based on the chemical data obtained from 200 groundwater samples collected during July 2019. Groundwater data were classified into two groups: Group 1 with NO3- < 44.3 mg/L and Group 2 with NO3- ≥ 44.3 mg/L. Results of t-tests indicate that groundwaters in Group 2 are significantly higher in water temperature and Ca concentration and significantly lower in F, As, Pb and Zn concentrations. It was also revealed that groundwaters Group 2 are closely linked to low pH, alkalinity, NH4, NO2, F, As, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn levels, and high EC and water temperature. Background concentrations were estimated using the the BRIDGE method. The results depicted the higher levels in NO3, NH4, PO4, As, Fe, Mn than the ones estimated by MOE and KECO (2018; 2019), which were prepared for the three catchment units in Boseong. The results of this study are believed to have more reliability because more data were used.
Keywords Boseong area, groundwater, background level, water quality
보성지역 지하수의 배경 수질 및 오염 특성 분석
문상호1 · 이진원2 · 김강주2,* · 주정웅3
1한국지질자원연구원 기후변화대응연구본부 지하수환경연구센터
2군산대학교 환경공학과
3(주)지오그린21
요 약
2019년 7월에 얻어진 200개의 지하수 수질자료를 활용하여 보성지역 지하수의 수질 특성을 평가하고, 배경 수질을 도출하였다. 지하수는 질산성질소 농도를 기준으로 Group 1(NO3- < 44.3 mg/L)과 Group 2(NO3- ≥ 44.3 mg/L)로 구분하였다. t-test 결과, Group 2는 Group 1에 비해 유의성 있게 수온과 Ca 농도가 높았고, F, As, Pb, Zn 등의 농도는 낮게 나타났다. 질산염 농도가 높은 경우에는 낮은 pH, 알칼리도, NH4, NO2, F, As, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn 등의 농도를 보였으며, EC 및 수온은 높아지는 경향을 보였다. 한편, 배경농도는 BRIDGE 방법으로 설정하였다. 본 연구에서 설정된 NO3, NH4, PO4, As, Fe, Mn 항목들에 대한 배경농도값들은 기존의 환경부 보고서(MOE and KECO, 2018; 2019)에 제시된 중권역별 배경농도 산정 결과보다는 다소 높게 설정되었다. 본 연구에 이용된 수질자료의 수가 훨씬 많다는 점을 감안하면, 본 연구에서 산출된 배경수질 자료의 신뢰성이 더 높은 것이라 판단된다.
주요어 보성지역, 지하수, 배경농도, 수질 특성
Fig 1.
Download
Fig 2.
Download
Fig 3.
Download
Fig 4.
Download
Fig 5.
Download
-
Table 1 . A comparison of data selection protocols between BRIDGE method and this study used for estimation of groundwater background level.
Data choice of BRIDGE method Data choice in this study Data excluded when CBE ≥ 10 % or when depths of samples and aquifers are unknown Data excluded when CBE ≥ 10 % Data excluded when influenced by hydrothermal fluid or salt water. Criteria: [(Na) + (Cl)] > 1000 mg/l Data excluded when [(Na) + (Cl)] > 1000 mg/l Time-series data can be used by their median values. Time-series data unavailable. Data excluded when samples were collected from the sites contaminated by agrochemicals and PAHs, etc. Agrochemicals and PAHs data unavailable. Data excluded when NO3 ≥ 10 mg/L Data excluded when NO3 ≥ 10 mg/L Data excluded when NH4 ≥ 0.5 mg/L Data excluded when NH4 ≥ 0.5 mg/L CBE: charge balance error, PAHs: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
-
Table 2 . Statistics of field parameters and ion concentrations for goundwater samples collected on July 2019 at Boseong area.
Min Max Median mean std pH 5.46 8.33 6.57 6.63 0.47 ORP (RmV) 19.2 587 230 241 75.1 DO (mg/L) 1.11 10.02 7.43 7.21 1.58 EC (µS/cm) 54.0 13,280 165 291 1,009 TDS (mg/L) 27.0 6,640 82.5 146 504 T (˚C) 14.6 19.1 17 17.0 1.02 Alkalinity (meq/L) 0.20 2.56 0.76 0.87 0.44 F (mg/L) 0.00 2.80 0.067 0.12 0.27 Cl (mg/L) 0.76 4,626 8.96 48.0 346 Br (mg/L) 0.00 17.0 0.02 0.14 1.23 NO3 (mg/L) 0.11 238 13.74 21.87 29.91 NO3-N (mg/L) 0.02 53.7 3.10 4.94 6.75 NO2 (mg/L) 0.00 2.04 0.010 0.03 0.17 NH4 (mg/L) 0.00 1.40 0.000 0.04 0.16 NH4-N (mg/L) 0.00 0.55 0.000 0.02 0.08 SO4 (mg/L) 0.48 610 6.16 12.5 45.3 Li (µg/L) 0.00 67.4 0.01 4.27 8.79 Na (mg/L) 1.78 2,565 10.1 28.7 186 K (mg/L) 0.35 44.9 1.42 2.90 4.88 Mg (mg/L) 0.57 245 3.70 6.34 19.2 Ca (mg/L) 2.88 293 14.0 20.1 27.2 PO4 (mg/L) 0.00 5.73 0.130 0.19 0.45 Si (mg/L) 3.30 23.9 11.2 11.0 2.95 As (µg/L) 0.00 84.5 1.1 3.4 8.6 Fe (mg/L) 0.00 15.5 0.00 0.13 1.12 Mn (mg/L) 0.00 1.77 0.000 0.03 0.18 Cu (µg/L) 0.00 102 0.93 3.13 8.23 Al (mg/L) 0.00 0.33 0.010 0.02 0.03 Pb (µg/L) 0.00 14.9 0.00 0.37 1.28 Zn (µg/L) 0.00 6,850 19.4 190 791 Ni (µg/L) 0.00 977 0.00 5.62 69.1 Sr (mg/L) 0.01 3.93 0.12 0.21 0.41
-
Table 3 . Comparisons of statistic data and t-test results among each group for groundwater samples collected on July 2019 at Boseong area.
Group 1.1 Group 1.2 Group 1 (all) Group 2 t-test results (p value) mean stdev mean stdev mean stdev mean stdev Group 1.1 and 1.2 Group 1 and 2 pH 6.58 0.480 6.72 0.449 6.62 0.474 6.69 0.410 0.080 0.520 ORP(RmV) 252 79.7 226 68.5 244 77.4 211 46.3 0.041 0.006 DO (mg/L) 7.34 1.60 6.93 1.64 7.22 1.62 7.13 1.24 0.126 0.797 EC (µS/cm) 137 42.4 573 1912 262 1039 513 716 0.109 0.146 TDS(mg/L) 68.3 21.2 286 956 131 519 256 358 0.109 0.146 수온(°C) 16.7 1.03 17.3 0.938 16.9 1.03 17.6 0.753 0.002 0.001 Alk(meq/L) 0.650 0.192 1.41 0.388 0.869 0.434 0.889 0.467 0.000 0.840 F (mg/L) 0.070 0.040 0.254 0.510 0.123 0.287 0.063 0.047 0.013 0.013 Cl (mg/L) 9.00 5.35 130 667 43.9 360 79.8 214 0.201 0.496 Br (mg/L) 0.020 0.017 0.436 2.42 0.140 1.30 0.100 0.274 0.224 0.730 NO3 (mg/L) 14.2 10.6 13.0 10.2 13.9 10.5 83.4 52.3 0.476 0.000 NO2 (mg/L) 0.017 0.049 0.059 0.292 0.029 0.162 0.067 0.189 0.309 0.301 NH4 (mg/L) 0.046 0.164 0.043 0.171 0.045 0.165 0.023 0.035 0.908 0.128 SO4 (mg/L) 5.97 4.65 25.3 86.7 11.5 47.2 19.5 25.5 0.118 0.218 Li (µg/L) 2.13 3.06 7.53 9.24 3.69 6.08 8.71 19.5 0.000 0.232 Na (mg/L) 9.05 2.72 73.0 362 27.5 195 38.1 83.6 0.213 0.643 K (mg/L) 2.14 2.83 4.29 8.05 2.76 5.00 3.97 3.72 0.069 0.266 Mg (mg/L) 3.19 1.47 11.9 35.6 5.71 19.4 11.2 16.8 0.086 0.199 Ca (mg/L) 11.5 3.94 30.6 40.0 17.0 23.2 44.5 40.6 0.001 0.004 PO4 (mg/L) 0.159 0.126 0.137 0.090 0.153 0.117 0.512 1.28 0.197 0.193 Si (mg/L) 10.5 2.61 11.6 3.47 10.8 2.92 12.0 3.08 0.015 0.632 As (µg/L) 2.64 4.25 6.49 15.3 3.75 9.08 0.943 1.34 0.083 0.000 Fe (mg/L) 0.061 0.255 0.369 2.17 0.149 1.18 0.013 0.024 0.307 0.121 Mn (mg/L) 0.022 0.162 0.065 0.258 0.035 0.194 0.004 0.012 0.451 0.045 Cu (µg/L) 2.38 4.63 3.04 3.84 2.57 4.41 7.43 20.8 0.126 0.327 Al (mg/L) 20.0 34.2 14.0 18.4 18.3 30.6 26.1 26.1 0.146 0.461 Pb (µg/L) 0.410 1.48 0.422 1.02 0.413 1.36 0.013 0.045 0.986 0.000 Zn (µg/L) 90.7 223 501 1494 209 839 41.2 53.8 0.045 0.005 Ni (µg/L) 8.54 87.0 0.778 1.83 6.30 73.4 0.418 1.59 0.311 0.260 Sr (mg/L) 0.097 0.039 0.374 0.640 0.176 0.365 0.453 0.619 0.022 0.058 pCO2 -2.03 0.466 -1.82 0.395 -1.97 0.456 -2.15 0.388 0.010 0.423 SICalcite -2.21 0.685 -1.67 0.557 -2.05 0.694 -1.62 0.705 0.000 0.005
-
Table 4 . Previous estimation results for background level of three catchments in Boseong area (MOE and KECO, 2018; 2019) (unit: mg/L).
Catchment Items Hydrogeologic Units Whole Area U.S. N.V. I.I. C.S. M.R. Isacheon stream NO3-N 1.900 1.665 1.600 1.900 1.900 1.900 Cl 36.7 20.2 14.5 25.0 10.0 25.0 Cd 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 As 0.0025 0.0025 0.0025 0.0025 0.0025 0.0025 Hg 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 Organic P 0.00025 0.00025 0.00025 0.00025 0.00025 0.00025 Pb 0.0025 0.0025 0.0025 0.0025 0.0025 0.0025 Cr6+ 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 F 1.000 0.750 0.721 0.721 0.075 0.721 NH4>-N 0.023 0.062 0.019 0.019 0.005 0.019 Fe 0.080 0.030 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 Mn 0.0652 0.0388 0.0318 0.0318 0.0025 0.0318 Juam dam NO3-N 1.700 1.700 1.900 1.430 1.700 1.700 Cl 13.8 13.7 12.2 9.0 14.0 13.6 Cd 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 As 0.0093 0.0025 0.0218 0.0076 0.0110 0.0097 Hg 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 Organic P 0.00025 0.00025 0.00025 0.00025 0.00025 0.00025 Pb 0.0025 0.0025 0.0025 0.0025 0.0025 0.0025 Cr6+ 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 F 0.280 0.280 0.281 0.281 0.192 0.281 NH4-N 0.005 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.027 0.015 Fe 0.025 0.080 0.078 0.078 0.080 0.078 Mn 0.0168 0.0169 0.0169 0.0169 0.0087 0.0169 Western south sea area of Seomjin-gang river NO3-N 1.66 1.90 1.87 1.48 1.80 1.80 Cl 33.19 18.32 12.82 14.20 16.00 16.00 Cd 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 As 0.00198 0.01073 0.00015 0.00015 0.00375 0.00673 Hg 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 Organic P 0.00025 0.00025 0.00025 0.00025 0.00025 0.00025 Pb 0.00005 0.00005 0.00005 0.00005 0.00005 0.00005 Cr6+ 0.0035 0.0035 0.0035 0.0035 0.0035 0.0035 F 0.310 0.410 0.284 0.310 0.025 0.310 NH4-N 0.050 0.026 0.042 0.050 0.050 0.050 Fe 0.0035 0.0035 0.0035 0.0035 0.0035 0.0035 Mn 0.00546 0.00160 0.00025 0.00546 0.01000 0.00546 (Abb.) U.S.: Unconsolidated Sediments, N.V.; Non-porous Volcanics, M.R.: Metamorphosed Rocks.
I.I.: Intrusive Igneous Rocks, C.S.: Clastic Sedimentary Rocks,.
-
Table 5 . Comparison of background levels for groundwater in Boseong area between this study results and those from MOE and KECO (2018; 2019).
Result of this study Data from MOE & KECO BLa BLa/mean BLb (range) EC (µS/cm) 291 1.00 TDS (mg/L) 146 1.00 Alkalinity (meq/L) 2.21 2.53 F (mg/L) 0.600 5.17 0.025~1.00 Cl (mg/L) 22.5 0.47 9.0~36.7 Br (mg/L) 0.064 0.47 NO3 (mg/L) 9.88 0.45 cal.NO3-N (mg/L) 2.23 0.45 1.43~1.90 NO2 (mg/L) 0.034 1.03 NH4 (mg/L) 0.120 2.79 cal.NH4–N (mg/L) 0.093 3.00 0.005~0.062 SO4 (mg/L) 16.2 1.30 Li (µg/L) 21.9 5.13 Na (mg/L) 19.0 0.66 K (mg/L) 10.5 3.62 Mg (mg/L) 5.66 0.89 Ca (mg/L) 35.2 1.75 PO4 (mg/L) 0.296 1.53 cal.PO4–P (mg/L) 0.097 1.56 0.00025 Si (mg/L) 16.8 1.53 As (µg/L) 33.4 9.74 0.15~11.0 Fe (mg/L) 1.51 11.3 0.0035~0.08 Mn (mg/L) 0.94 30.3 0.00160~0.0652 Cu (µg/L) 11.7 3.74 Al (mg/L) 0.068 3.58 Pb (µg/L) 2.22 6.05 0.05~2.5 Zn (µg/L) 5660 29.8 Ni (µg/L) 8.77 1.56 Sr (mg/L) 0.366 1.76 BLa: Background Level data estimated in this study (by method of BRIDGE project, 2006).
BLb: Background Level data (average values) from MOE and KECO (2018; 2019).
cal.: calculated values.
Article Tools
Stats or Metrics
Share this article on
Related articles in KSEEG
-
Field Applications on Groundwater Management Scheme of Subwatershed Unit in Hampyeong-Gun
Chan Duck Jung and In sung Song
Econ. Environ. Geol. 2013; 46(6): 545-559 -
Hydrological Characteristics of the Underground Discharge at Moolgol in Dokdo, Korea
Nam C. Woo, Dong Y. Lee, Jong H. Park, Yoon B. Kim, Min S. Woo, Chan H. Park
Econ. Environ. Geol. 2022; 55(1): 45-51 -
Relationships of Chemical Elements and their Environmental Impacts in Groundwater, Soil, and Fodder Plants in Arid Land
Ali Hamdan, Hassan Khozyem, Eman Elbadry
Econ. Environ. Geol. 2021; 54(3): 331-352
