Interpretation of Firing Temperature and Thermal Deformation of Roof Tiles from Ancient Tombs of Seokchon-dong in Seoul, Korea

Hong Ju Jin; Sungyoon Jang; Myeong Seong Lee

doi:10.9719/EEG.2021.54.6.671

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Research Paper

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Econ. Environ. Geol. 2021; 54(6): 671-687

Published online December 28, 2021

https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2021.54.6.671

Interpretation of Firing Temperature and Thermal Deformation of Roof Tiles from Ancient Tombs of Seokchon-dong in Seoul, Korea

Hong Ju Jin¹, Sungyoon Jang^2,*, Myeong Seong Lee¹

Author Info. +

¹Conservation Science Division, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, Daejeon 34122, Korea
²Cultural Heritage Conservation Science Center, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, Daejeon 34122, Korea

Correspondence to : ^*fkite@korea.kr

Received: October 5, 2021; Revised: November 4, 2021; Accepted: November 6, 2021

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided original work is properly cited.

Abstract

This study investigated the firing temperature and thermal deformation process of roof tiles excavated from the connected stonemound tomb in Seokchon-dong, Seoul, based on mineralogical and physical properties. A large number of roof tiles were excavated from the tomb site and some roof tiles were deformed by heat and were fired in uneven conditions. The colors of original roof tiles and their cores are mostly yellowish-brown, with high water absorption over 12%, containing fine-grained textures and some minerals such as quartz, feldspars, amphibole, and mica. It is estimated that the original roof tiles were fired below 900°C in oxidation condition, showing loose matrices and mica layers by scanning electron microscopy. However, deformed roof tiles have the uneven surface color of reddish-brown and bluish-gray, and those cross-sections have sandwich structures in which dense reddish-brown surface and porous grey core coexist. They contained mullite and hercynite, so it was estimated to have been fired over 1,000°C, with 0.81~11% water absorption. In some samples, bloating pores by overfiring were observed, which means that they were fired at more than 1,200°C. In addition, the refirng experiments that the original roof tile was fired between 800°C and 1,200°C were carried out to investigate the physical and mineralogical properties of roof tiles compared to deformed ones. As a result, the water absorption decreased rapidly and the mineral phase started to change over 1,000°C. As the temperature gradually rises, the matrices are partially melted and recrystallized, resulting in similar thermal characteristics of deformed roof tiles. Therefore, the roof tiles from ancient tombs in Seokchon-dong seem to experience the secondary high temperature of 1,000 to 1,200°C under uneven firing conditions, resulting in deformation characteristics such as shape transformation and mineral phase transition. It is considered to have been related to cremation rituals at the tombs of Seockchon-dong during the Baekje period.

Keywords ancient tombs in Seokchon-dong, roof tile, firing temperature, refiring experiment, thermal deformation

서울 석촌동 고분군 출토 기와의 소성온도와 열변형 특성 해석

진홍주¹ · 장성윤^2,* · 이명성¹

¹국립문화재연구소 보존과학연구실
²국립문화재연구소 문화재보존과학센터

요 약

이 연구에서는 서울 석촌동 고분군 연접적석총에서 출토된 기와의 물리적 및 광물학적 특성을 바탕으로 소성온도를 추정하고, 열변형 과정을 해석하였다. 석촌동 고분군에서는 다량의 기와가 출토되었는데, 일부 기와는 열에 의해 형태가 변하고 불균일한 소성상태를 나타냈다. 원형기와의 표면과 속심의 색조는 비교적 균일한 황갈색 계열로서 약 12% 이상의 높은 흡수율을 나타내며, 미정질 기질에 세립질 석영, 장석류, 운모, 각섬석 등을 포함한다. 또한 미세조직 관찰 결과, 느슨한 기질과 운모의 층상구조가 확인되어 900℃ 이하의 산화환경에서 제작되었을 것으로 추정된다. 반면 열에 변형된 기와는 주로 적갈색과 청회색의 불균일한 표면 색조를 보이며, 단면은 치밀한 적갈색 표면과 다공성의 자회색 내부기질이 함께 나타나는 샌드위치 구조를 나타낸다. 흡수율은 0.8~11%이며, 멀라이트, 헤르시나이트가 동정되어 소성온도가 1,000℃ 이상으로 추정된다. 일부 시료에서는 과소성에 의한 블로우팅 포어(bloating pore)가 관찰되었고, 1,200℃ 이상의 고온을 경험한 것으로 판단된다. 한편, 원형기와를 800~1,200℃ 사이에서 온도별로 재소성하여 물리적 및 광물학적 특성을 확인한 결과, 1,000℃ 부근에서 흡수율이 급격히 낮아지고 고온광물이 생성되기 시작했다. 또한 점차 온도가 올라갈수록 기질이 부분 용융되고 재결정화되어 변형기와의 열변형 특성과 유사한 결과를 나타냈다. 따라서 석촌동 고분군 기와는 불균일한 소성상태와 1,000~1,200℃에 달하는 2차 고온을 경험하여 형태 변형, 광물 상전이 등의 열변형 특성이 발생하였고, 이는 백제시대 화장의례와 관계가 있는 것으로 생각된다.

주요어 석촌동 고분군, 기와, 소성온도, 재소성실험, 열변형

Article

Research Paper

Econ. Environ. Geol. 2021; 54(6): 671-687

Published online December 28, 2021 https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2021.54.6.671

Interpretation of Firing Temperature and Thermal Deformation of Roof Tiles from Ancient Tombs of Seokchon-dong in Seoul, Korea

Hong Ju Jin¹, Sungyoon Jang^2,*, Myeong Seong Lee¹

Correspondence to:^*fkite@korea.kr

Received: October 5, 2021; Revised: November 4, 2021; Accepted: November 6, 2021

Abstract

Keywords ancient tombs in Seokchon-dong, roof tile, firing temperature, refiring experiment, thermal deformation

서울 석촌동 고분군 출토 기와의 소성온도와 열변형 특성 해석

진홍주¹ · 장성윤^2,* · 이명성¹

¹국립문화재연구소 보존과학연구실
²국립문화재연구소 문화재보존과학센터

Received: October 5, 2021; Revised: November 4, 2021; Accepted: November 6, 2021

요 약

주요어 석촌동 고분군, 기와, 소성온도, 재소성실험, 열변형

Fig 1.

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Figure 1.Location map of ancient tombs of Seokchon-dong in Seoul, Korea(modified Naver Map; Seoul Baekje Museum, 2019), (A) Location of historic sites around Seokchon-dong during Baekje period, (B) Distribution of ancient tombs of Seokchon-dong, (C) Connected stone-mound tomb, (D) Magnification of the box area at (C).

Economic and Environmental Geology 2021; 54: 671-687https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2021.54.6.671

Fig 2.

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Figure 2.Roof tile samples excavated from ancient tombs of Seokchon-dong site, showing various textures and colors affected by firing temperature and condition. Samples are divided by original and deformed roof tiles and chosen by their shapes and colors.

Economic and Environmental Geology 2021; 54: 671-687https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2021.54.6.671

Fig 3.

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Figure 3.Diagram of physical properties for roof tiles. (A) chromaticity, (B) water absorption and specific gravity.

Economic and Environmental Geology 2021; 54: 671-687https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2021.54.6.671

Fig 4.

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Figure 4.Diagrams of the magnetic susceptibility for roof tiles.

Economic and Environmental Geology 2021; 54: 671-687https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2021.54.6.671

Fig 5.

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Figure 5.Representative X-ray diffraction patterns of roof tiles. Abbreviations: Q; quartz, K; K-feldspar, P; plagioclase, M; mica, Am; amphibole, Mu; mullite, Her; hercynite, H; hematite, T; tridymite.

Economic and Environmental Geology 2021; 54: 671-687https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2021.54.6.671

Fig 6.

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Figure 6.Representative photomicrographs of roof tiles using the stereoscopic and polarizing microscope.

Economic and Environmental Geology 2021; 54: 671-687https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2021.54.6.671

Fig 7.

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Figure 7.Scanning electron microscopic images of roof tiles with mineral contents.

Economic and Environmental Geology 2021; 54: 671-687https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2021.54.6.671

Fig 8.

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Figure 8.Distribution diagrams showing Al2O3/SiO2 - Fe2O3/SiO2 and Fe2O3+MgO – Na2O+K2O of the roof tiles.

Economic and Environmental Geology 2021; 54: 671-687https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2021.54.6.671

Fig 9.

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Figure 9.Thermal deformation of roof tile sample(#24) (A) swelling by bloating, (B) crack in the core, (C) glossy surface, and (D) cross section with vitrified textures and bloating pores.

Economic and Environmental Geology 2021; 54: 671-687https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2021.54.6.671

Fig 10.

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Figure 10.Cross sections of roof tile refired by temperature in oxidation atmosphere.

Economic and Environmental Geology 2021; 54: 671-687https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2021.54.6.671

Fig 11.

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Figure 11.X-ray diffraction patterns and microstructure images according to refiring temperature. Abbreviations: Q; quartz, K; K-feldspar, P; plagioclase, M; mica, Am; amphibole, Mu; mullite, H; hematite, T; tridymite.

Economic and Environmental Geology 2021; 54: 671-687https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2021.54.6.671

Table 1 . Details of the roof tiles.

Group	Sample	Type	Surface pattern	Thickness	Surface color¹
Group	Sample	Type	Surface pattern	Thickness	Outer	Inner
Original roof tiles	#01	convex	patternless	9mm	G	G
	#02	convex	patternless	9mm	YB	YB
	#03	convex	patternless	8mm	YR	YR
	#07	convex	lattice	8mm	YB	YB
	#08	convex	lattice	7mm	YB	YB
	#09	convex	lattice	10mm	YR	YR
	#12	convex	line	10mm	G	G
	#13	convex	line	9mm	G	G
	#15	concave	patternless	12mm	YR	YR
	#17	concave	patternless	9mm	YR	YR
	#18	concave	patternless	11mm	YR	YR
	#19	concave	lattice	8mm	G	G
	#20	concave	lattice	11mm	YB	YB
	#21	concave	lattice	11mm	YR	YR
	#26	concave	lattice	8mm	YB	YB
	#27	concave	lattice	8mm	B	B
	#28	concave	line	12mm	YR	YR
Deformed roof tiles	#04	convex	patternless	9mm	BG	RB
	#05	convex	patternless	14mm	RB/BG	RB
	#06	convex	patternless	9mm	RB/BG	RB/BG
	#10	convex	lattice	8mm	YR	YR
	#11	convex	lattice	12mm	RB	YR
	#14	convex	line	8mm	BG	RB
	#16	concave	patternless	13mm	YR	RB
	#22	concave	lattice	13mm	RB	YR
	#23	concave	lattice	12mm	YR/BG/RB	YR/BG/RB
	#24	concave	lattice	16mm	BG/RB	BG/RB
	#25	concave	lattice	12mm	BG	BG
	#29	concave	line	12mm	YR/RB	YR/RB

¹YB; yellowish brown, YR; yellowish red, RB; reddish brown, G; gray, BG; bluish gray, PG; purplish gray, B; black..

Table 2 . Physical and Mineralogical properties for roof tiles.

Group	Sample	Chromaticity			Specific gravity	Water absorption (%)	Magnetic susceptibility¹	Minerals²
Group	Sample	L*	a*	b*	Specific gravity	Water absorption (%)	Magnetic susceptibility¹	Minerals²
Original roof tiles	#01	39.73	0.59	4.31	1.94	10.32	2.79	Q, K, P, Mu, Her
	#02	56.36	4.46	16.14	1.75	16.57	2.79	Q, K, P, M
	#03	63.95	14.31	27.90	1.74	16.73	2.27	Q, K, P, M, Am
	#07	55.74	8.02	21.83	1.78	14.57	0.94	Q, K, P, M
	#08	60.59	4.13	15.85	1.80	14.00	0.52	Q, K, P, M
	#09	58.52	20.24	29.83	1.73	16.97	3.21	Q, K, P
	#12	49.99	3.57	14.28	1.87	12.24	1.66	Q, K, P
	#13	61.97	0.65	8.29	1.82	13.68	0.27	Q, K, P, M
	#15	58.38	12.97	26.79	1.81	15.91	7.86	Q, K, P, Mu, Her
	#17	54.46	23.84	36.25	1.67	20.80	7.65	Q, K, P, M
	#18	51.30	10.26	20.23	1.83	15.27	1.12	Q, K, P, M
	#19	58.05	1.46	11.26	1.74	16.89	0.98	Q, K, P, Am
	#20	61.98	4.96	18.88	1.82	14.30	3.89	Q, K, P, M
	#21	53.02	19.69	29.03	1.73	18.36	10.76	Q, K, P, Am
	#26	61.25	4.58	16.50	1.80	15.12	0.87	Q, K, P, M, Am
	#27	37.92	2.10	6.79	1.82	14.06	2.07	Q, K, P, M
	#28	53.85	20.16	25.48	2.01	7.85	7.28	Q, K, P, Mu, Her, T
Deformed roof tiles	#04	40.38	-0.79	3.05	2.34	0.80	1.40	Q, Mu, Her
	#05-1	51.41	11.30	18.48	1.37	6.99	0.44	Core: Q, P, Mu, Her
	#05-2	39.14	3.16	9.54	1.37	6.99	0.44	Surface: Q. P, Mu, Her, H
	#06	47.72	15.12	19.95	2.06	4.81	1.58	Core: Q, P, Mu, Her, T
	#06	47.72	15.12	19.95	2.06	4.81	1.58	Surface: Q, P, Mu, Her, T, H
	#10	53.26	15.40	22.71	1.97	8.67	0.65	Q, K, P, Mu
	#11-1	44.71	7.04	12.16	2.04	7.82	0.87	Q, K, P, Mu, Her
	#11-2	42.59	4.68	9.56	1.90	1.73	0.87	Q, K, P, Mu, Her
	#14	42.72	0.27	5.48	2.35	0.87	0.70	Q, P, Mu, Her
	#16-1	51.80	15.43	25.52	1.23	8.93	0.58	Q, K, P, Mu, Her
	#16-2	45.15	3.77	11.57	1.23	8.93	0.58	Q, K, P, Mu, Her
	#22	45.91	18.77	22.54	1.98	11.01	6.46	Q, K, Her
	#23-1	53.17	20.04	29.19	1.78	16.38	1.78	Q, K, P, M, Am
	#23-2	36.53	0.70	6.00	-	-		-
	#23-3	36.29	2.28	7.96	2.25	2.42		Q, K, Mu, Her, H
	#24-1	40.96	-1.10	3.71	1.04	9.22	0.31	Q, K, P, Mu, Her
	#24-2	38.07	5.80	9.20	1.04	9.22	0.31
	#25	46.96	0.61	7.56	1.33	10.89	0.68	Q, K, P, Mu, Her
	#29-1	53.73	18.29	25.99	2.01	7.24	1.16	Q, K, P, Mu, Her
	#29-2	38.19	3.38	7.94	1.40	7.41	1.16	Q, K, P, Mu, Her

¹Average magnetic susceptibility(×10^-3 SI unit)..

²Abbreviations: Q; quartz, K; K-feldspar, P; plagioclase, M; mica, Am; amphibole, Mu; mullite, Her; hercynite, H; hematite, T; tridymite..

Table 3 . Microstructure characteristics of roof tiles.

Group	Sample	Structure¹	Color²		Voids³	Vitrification⁴
Group	Sample	Structure¹	Core	Margin	Voids³	Vitrification⁴
Original roof tiles	#01	single	G	G	channels	EV
	#02	single	YB	YB	vughs	NV
	#03	single	YR	YR	vughs	NV
	#07	single	YB	YB	vughs	NV
	#08	single	YB	YB	vughs	NV
	#09	single	YR	YR	vughs	-
	#12	single	G	G	channels	EV
	#13	single	G	G	vughs	IV
	#15	sandwich	G	YR	vughs	IV
	#17	single	YR	YR	vughs	NV
	#18	single	YR	YR	vughs	NV
	#19	single	G	G	channels	NV
	#20	single	YB	YB	vughs	NV
	#21	single	YR	YR	vughs	IV
	#26	sandwich	B	YB	planar	NV
	#27	single	B	B	planar	NV
	#28	sandwich	BG	YR	vughs	EV
Deformed roof tiles	#04	sandwich	BG	RB	channels	CV
	#05	sandwich	PG	RB	vesicles	CV
	#06	sandwich	PG	RB	vesicles	CV
	#10	single	YR	YR	channels	-
	#11-1	sandwich	BG	YR	channels	CV
	#11-2	sandwich	PG	BG	vughs	CV
	#14	sandwich	RB - BG		channels	CV
	#16	sandwich	PG	RB	vesicles	CV
	#22	sandwich	BG	YR	channels	EV
	#23-1	single	YR	YR	channels	-
	#23-3	sandwich	RB	BG	-	EV
	#24	sandwich	PG	BG	vesicles	CV
	#25	sandwich	PG - BG		vesicles	CV
	#29-1	sandwich	YR - BG		channels	EV
	#29-2	sandwich	PG	BG	vesicles	EV

¹Single; cross section shows similar color between core and margin, sandwich; cross section shows different color between core and margin..

²YB; yellowish brown; YR; yellowish red, RB; reddish brown, G; gray, BG; bluish gray, PG; purplish gray, B; black..

³Polarizing microscope observation for thin section(Quinn, 2013)..

⁴NV; no vitrification, IV; initial vitrification, EV; extensive vitrification, CV; continuous vitrification(by SEM observation, Maniatis and Tite, 1981)..

Table 4 . Major elements composition of roof tiles(wt.%).

Group	Sample	SiO₂	Al₂O₃	Fe₂O₃	MnO	MgO	CaO	Na₂O	K₂O	TiO₂	P₂O₅	LOI	Total
Original roof tiles	#01	65.65	17.91	7.65	0.05	1.32	0.63	0.74	2.08	0.89	0.20	2.52	99.63
	#02	61.89	19.99	5.58	0.00	1.14	0.43	0.90	2.28	0.96	0.36	6.06	99.58
	#03	62.03	20.56	6.28	0.04	1.19	0.63	0.80	2.31	1.02	0.51	4.37	99.74
	#07	66.15	16.84	3.90	0.02	0.67	0.40	1.07	3.47	0.81	0.31	5.94	99.57
	#08	65.12	16.84	3.96	0.00	0.68	0.40	1.12	3.45	0.81	0.33	6.91	99.62
	#09	68.00	17.66	4.31	0.02	0.87	0.41	1.17	3.46	0.95	0.10	2.51	99.48
	#12	66.48	18.38	7.44	0.05	1.24	0.57	0.73	2.17	0.89	0.15	0.84	98.94
	#13	64.04	19.22	5.62	0.04	1.25	0.67	1.05	2.31	0.91	0.91	2.95	98.96
	#15	59.59	20.11	9.91	0.10	2.06	1.06	0.69	1.73	1.10	0.34	2.73	99.42
	#17	64.84	17.76	7.46	0.06	1.34	0.38	0.83	2.44	0.92	0.18	2.96	99.17
	#18	62.70	17.81	6.87	0.04	1.17	0.34	0.87	2.51	0.88	0.37	5.64	99.18
	#19	64.49	20.08	6.35	0.00	1.24	0.51	0.93	2.38	0.93	0.19	1.83	98.93
	#20	61.96	19.52	5.57	0.05	0.93	0.57	1.08	2.16	0.88	0.25	6.05	99.00
	#21	59.60	19.58	10.11	0.12	2.13	0.96	0.70	1.75	1.17	0.18	2.66	98.95
	#26	64.94	16.83	4.16	0.00	0.90	0.48	0.89	2.25	0.83	0.68	6.91	98.86
	#27	64.63	16.24	4.48	0.00	0.89	0.45	0.73	2.09	0.86	0.30	8.27	98.95
	#28	65.26	19.39	7.18	0.03	1.14	0.45	1.03	2.27	0.95	0.21	1.17	99.08
Deformed roof tiles	#04	63.61	21.43	6.43	0.03	1.35	0.50	0.80	2.44	1.00	0.14	2.13	99.86
	#05	65.33	19.80	6.30	0.03	1.26	0.67	1.07	2.34	0.97	0.15	1.76	99.69
	#06	61.06	20.39	10.14	0.11	2.08	1.03	0.61	1.80	1.18	0.16	1.07	99.64
	#10	68.49	16.96	4.18	0.02	0.84	0.38	1.11	3.58	0.86	0.08	2.31	98.79
	#11	65.27	19.89	6.55	0.03	1.30	0.58	1.12	2.36	0.95	0.23	0.68	98.94
	#14	64.87	19.85	6.49	0.00	1.29	0.60	1.05	2.31	0.97	0.16	1.55	99.13
	#16	64.91	19.64	6.84	0.03	1.29	0.64	1.01	2.33	0.94	0.22	1.61	99.46
	#22	60.20	22.00	9.32	0.04	1.52	0.46	0.43	2.10	0.97	0.23	1.68	98.94
	#23	65.53	18.97	6.67	0.00	1.46	0.53	0.70	2.36	0.93	0.21	1.51	98.84
	#24	65.27	19.19	6.38	0.05	1.32	0.66	1.21	2.45	0.90	0.14	1.42	98.98
	#25	68.19	17.09	3.93	0.03	0.91	0.41	1.10	3.47	0.75	0.03	2.62	98.51
	#29	65.18	19.08	6.32	0.04	1.22	0.66	1.01	2.42	0.93	0.17	1.72	98.73

Table 5 . Thermal characteristics of the roof tiles..

	Original roof tiles	Deformed roof tiles
Surface color	yellowish brown, yellowish red	reddish brown, bluish gray
Cross section(color)	single	sandwich structure
Water absorption	mean: 14.92%	mean: 6.34%
Specific gravity	1.67~2.01	1.04~1.40 / 1.78~2.35
Mineral	quartz, feldspars, micas, amphibole, etc.	quartz, feldspars, mullite, hercynite, etc.
Vitrification structure	NV, IV	EV, CV
Firing atmosphere	oxidation / reduction	oxidation / reduction
Firing temperature	700~900℃	1,000~1,200℃

Table 6 . Physical and mineralogical properties according to temperature stages for refiring experiment about the #03 sample.

Refiring temperature	Chromaticity			Water absorption	Specific gravity	Minerals¹	Vitrification²
Refiring temperature	L*	a*	b*	Water absorption	Specific gravity	Minerals¹	Vitrification²
#03	63.95	14.31	27.90	16.73%	1.74	Q, K, P, M, Am	NV
800℃	65.55	18.52	32.82	18.01%	1.75	Q, K, P, M, Am, H	IV
850℃	63.50	21.30	34.50	18.27%	1.75	Q, K, P, M, Am, H	IV
900℃	65.36	21.10	35.37	18.32%	1.74	Q, K, P, M, Am, H	IV
950℃	63.82	23.27	36.95	17.17%	1.78	Q, K, P, Am, H	EV
1,000℃	59.26	26.84	36.54	15.68%	1.82	Q, K, P, Mu, H	EV
1,050℃	55.99	27.00	32.96	9.97%	1.99	Q, K, P, Mu, H, T	EV
1,100℃	44.81	24.28	23.08	4.71%	2.18	Q, K, P, Mu, H, T	CV
1,150℃	43.91	23.03	20.86	2.52%	2.22	Q, Mu, H, T	CV
1,200℃	40.80	14.54	10.64	0.63%	2.25	Q, Mu, H, T	CV

¹Abbreviations: Q; quartz, K; K-feldspar, P; plagioclase, M; mica, Am; amphibole, Mu; mullite, H; hematite, T; tridymite..

²NV; no vitrification, IV; initial vitrification, EV; extensive vitrification, CV; continuous vitrification(Maniatis and Tite, 1981)..

Table 7 . Interpretation of firing temperature for roof tiles.

Group	Sample	Firing temperature	Sample	Firing temperature	Sample	Firing temperature
Original roof tiles	#01	1,000~1,100℃	#12	950~1,000℃	#20	700~900℃
	#02	700~900℃	#13	700~900℃	#21	900~950℃
	#03	700~900℃	#15	1,000~1,100℃	#26	700~900℃
	#07	700~900℃	#17	700~900℃	#27	700~900℃
	#08	700~900℃	#18	700~900℃	#28	1,000~1,100℃
	#09	950~1,000℃	#19	900~950℃
Deformed roof tiles	#04	1,100~1,200℃	#11-1	1,000~1,100℃	#23-3	1,000~1,100℃
	#05-1	1,000~1,100℃	#11-2	1,000~1,100℃	#24	1,000~1,100℃
	#05-2	1,000~1,100℃	#14	1,000~1,100℃	#25	1,000~1,100℃
	#06-1	1,000~1,100℃	#16	1,000~1,100℃	#29-1	1,000~1,100℃
	#06-2	1,000~1,100℃	#22	1,000~1,100℃	#29-2	1,000~1,100℃
	#10	1,000~1,100℃	#23-1	700~900℃

Oct 30, 2023 Vol.56 No.5, pp. 501~628

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Interpretation of Firing Temperature and Thermal Deformation of Roof Tiles from Ancient Tombs of Seokchon-dong in Seoul, Korea

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서울 석촌동 고분군 출토 기와의 소성온도와 열변형 특성 해석

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Research Paper

Interpretation of Firing Temperature and Thermal Deformation of Roof Tiles from Ancient Tombs of Seokchon-dong in Seoul, Korea

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서울 석촌동 고분군 출토 기와의 소성온도와 열변형 특성 해석

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