Summary of experimental conditions for studies of bentonite-alkaline liquid interactions and secondary minerals formed by the interactions
| Material | Solution | Temp.(°C) | Time (days) | Pressure (atm) | Secondary mineral | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FEBEX bentonite | pH 13.5; 0.17 M Na, 0.33 M K, 4.07 M Ca | 35, 60, 90 | 30-360 | 1 | Na-phillipsite | Villa et al. (2001) |
| pH 13.5 to 10; several tests with Na, Ca, K at different concentrations | 30, 60, 90 | 7-365 | 1 | phillipsite, analcime, Mg-smectite, CSH-gel phases | Ramirez et al. (2002) | |
| 0.1 M, 0.25 M, 0.5M NaOH + Ca(OH)2 | 25, 75, 125, 200 | 30-540 | analcime, tobermorite or CSH-gel, gyrolite, phillipsite, saponite | Cuevas et al. (2006) | ||
| pH 12.9-13.5; 0.1-0.5 M NaOH + Ca(OH)2 | 25-200 | 30-540 | 1 | analcime (125-200°C), phillipsite (75°C), gel-CSH (25-125°C), tobermorite (125-200°C), gyrolite (200°C) | Sánchez et al. (2006) | |
| pH 13.5; K-Na-OH type | 90 | chlorite | Fernández et al. (2013) | |||
| pH 13.4; K-Na-OH-type | -175 | 15 months | 1 | analcime, K-feldspar, mixed layered illite/smectite | Fernández et al. (2014) | |
| MX-80 bentonite | pH 13.4; K-Na-OH-type | -175 | 15 months | 1 | analcime, K-feldspar, mixed layered illite/smectite | Fernández et al. (2014) |
| 3 M KOH | 35 | 270 | 1 | illite (+25%) | Eberl et al. (1993) | |
| 1 M KOH | 60, 90, 120 | 1, 7 | 1 atm at 60 and 90°C, | phillipsite, beidellite | Bouchet et al. (2004) | |
| 1 M NaOH | 60, 90, 120 | 1, 7 | 1 atm at 120°C | analcime, beidellite | ||
| 1.0-0.3 M NaOH | 23 | 70 | 1 | beidellite | Karnland (2004) | |
| Smectite(Ceca and Ibeco) | KOH > 4 M | 35 | 1 | initial product: illite (+45%) sequence: mica, phillipsite, K-feldspar, quartz | Bauer and Berger (1998) | |
| KOH > 4 M | 80 | 1 | initial product: illite (+90%) sequence: mica, phillipsite, K-feldspar, quartz | |||
| Montmorillonite + quartz | pH 13 to 14; Na-K type | 50-170 | up to 125 | 1 | analcime | Nakayama et al. (2004) |
| Na–Ca smectite, Na-smectite, Ca-smectite | pH 12; NaOH | 150 | 60 | 5-150 bar | no evolution. buffer effect of the final clay pH 9 | Mosser-Ruck and Cathelineau (2004) |
| pH 11.7; 3 M KOH + KCl | 150 | 60 | 5-150 bar | illite/smectite mixed layer, low- and high charge smectite layer, quartz, feldspar | ||
| pH 11.7; 1 M K2CO3 | 150 | 60 | 5-150 bar | tobermorite (CSH), merlinoite (zeolite) | ||
| Opalinus Clay (Mont Terri) | pH 13 and 12; NaOH | 150, 175, 200 | 40 | 1 | analcime, vermiculite, Na-rectorite | Chermak (1992) |
| pH 13 and 12; KOH | 150, 175, 200 | 50 | 1 | phillipsite, K-feldspar, K-rectorite | Chermak (1993) | |
| GMZ bentonite | pH 12-13; degraded by ordinary portland cement | 20 | 55 | 1 | C-S-H gels and analcime | Sun et al. (2018) |
| 1 M KOH | 35, 80 | 20-80 | 1 | Kaolinitization | Ye et al. (2016) |